Question
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Answer
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Example
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Explain verb tenses in compact form
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The category of tense is orientated with regard to the present tense. The tense category is the system of three-member opposition. So the present tense may be called as the point of measurement or orientation point.
The category of order is a system of two-member opposition: prior and non-prior. Compare:
I work - I have worked.
So the prior order marker have q ed is opposite to the zero of non-prior. As in English there are three tenses. This grammatical category can be expressed in all of them. Present: I work – I have worked. Past: I worked – I had worked. Future: I shall work – I shall have worked.
The category of aspect is a system of two-member opposition: Continuous – Non-continuous: I work – I am working.
To be - ing is the morpheme of the continuous meaning. This category is found in all the three tenses.
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Present: I work – I am working
Past: I worked – I was working.
Future: I'll work – I'll be working.
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What is aspect? What is the difference between tense and aspect?
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Aspect is a grammatical category that expresses how an action, event, or state, as denoted by a verb, extends over time. Perfective aspect is used in referring to an event conceived as bounded and unitary, without reference to any flow of time during .
While tense tells us when a situation occurs, aspect tells us how it occurs, or how it is viewed by the speaker, in terms of its frequency, its duration, and whether or not it is completed
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example: I helped him
I work and I worked
The examples above have a simple aspect (the present simple and past simple, respectively).
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Explain 3 voices:
Active
Middle
Passive
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Voice is a form of a verb indicating the relation between the participants in a narrated event (subject, object) and the event itself.
In the active voice, the sentence's subject performs the action on the action's target. In the passive voice, the target of the action is the main focus, and the verb acts upon the subject.
In the middle voice the subject may or may not be the agent; the focus is on the action affecting the subject, whereas the passive voice focuses on the recipient of the action.
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Active: The hunter killed the bear.
Passive: The bear was killed by the hunter
Middle: “Her novels sell themselves,”
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The mood.
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Mood is the grammatical category of the verb reflecting the relation of the action expressed by the verb to reality from the speaker’s point of view. The three moods: indicative, imperative and subjunctive are found in almost all the grammars of Russian grammarians.
By the moods of a verb we understand grammatical forms expressing different relations between subject and predicate.
- in the indicative mood the speaker presents the action as taking place in reality;
- in the imperative mood the speaker urges the listener to perform some action.
- in subjunctive mood the speaker presents the action as imaginary.
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If it were to rain I do not know what shall we do.
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