Information Security and Privacy in Railway Transportation: a systematic Review
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Figure 5.
Security attacks to which the described articles are addressed. Over the years, the use of GSM-R has been widely adopted in the railway industry. However, its poor transmission rate per connection and its packet delay might not be sufficient to cover the current demand brought by the digitisation of the sector [ 58 ]. Thus, further research should seek to provide new communication technologies (e.g., LTE-R) and cover the needs brought about by the advent of new train services. The implemen- tation of these technologies will, undoubtedly, bring several advantages and enable the use of new applications, and therefore improve passengers’ safety and their perceived Sensors 2022, 22, 7698 17 of 25 QoS. Nonetheless, this will also imply higher costs and increase the already existing prob- lem of interoperability. Relatedly, despite the efforts devoted by the ERTMS to ensure interoperability of the railway systems, the implementation of new devices connected to the network might lead to increasing difficulties to homogenise data management and improve the security in railways. Hence, future efforts should provide common standards addressing interoperability issues while improving security and efficiency in decision- making processes. Relatedly, Figure 6 lists the articles described in Section 3.1 , along with the security and privacy-by-design principles to which they are addressed. The results suggest a tendency towards the development of systems aiming to improve authentication processes and privacy preserving methods. Figure 6. Security dimensions to which the described articles are addressed. 4.2. Architectures of the Future Deep-learning methods might be suitable to improving safety and efficiency in several data-driven ITS scenarios, as highlighted in [ 41 ]. For example, the use of cameras using deep neural networks with positioning at a strategic place (e.g., railway crossing or passenger areas at stations) is an efficient way to evaluate threatening situations. Detected risks can be sent to the corresponding authorities. Moreover, the development of ML techniques to handle the large volume of data generated by sensors [ 6 ] can facilitate decision-making processes in today’s railway industry. In this context, the adoption of intelligent monitoring systems, in particular, the vertical-acceleration behaviour of railway wagons, was studied in [ 59 ]. Additionally, [ 60 ] provided a ML technique based on historical data that is able to overcome uncertainty to improve safety at railway stations. The speculative contexts related to the volatility of some cryptocurrencies and the high energy consumption in mining processes have generated some ambiguity on the use of blockchain [ 61 ]. However, the use of this technology to increase efficiency and security in railways might provide traceability and time and cost efficiency when managing vast amounts of data. Moreover, the distributed nature of this technology will bring resiliency to the system. For example, the effect of a compromised node can be limited to a local area, and therefore, the consequences of potential attacks too [ 62 ]. Likewise, the implementation of decentralised architectures can decrease response times of data management systems. In this scenario, the node responsible to provide data can be chosen based in variables such as distance, load and performance. The access to the blockchain can be granted with a set of policies, and transactions can be executed by smart contracts aiming to facilitate, verify and negotiate the contract agreements among different parties. The appropriate implementation of a cloud computing architecture presents several advantages in the railway industry. Its use can provide efficiency, unification and safety to the train transport services. However, the application of convenient policies is a key challenge to ensure the integrity, confidentiality and availability of the data. From a techni- cal perspective, encryption schemes using novel approaches such as chaotic cryptography Sensors 2022, 22, 7698 18 of 25 can be proposed to protect data integrity [ 51 ]. Furthermore, the increasing demand of HSR to connect cities poses significant challenges. For example, the frequent handovers existing in trains running at high speeds might lead to problems in data transmission. Thus, with the aim of improving the safety and efficiency of HSR, novel cloud-computing-based architectures are expected to gain importance, as observed in [ 19 ]. The protection level of data (high-level vs. low-level encryption) is chosen depending on the information’s sensi- tivity. Moreover, cloud architectures might be interesting alternatives not only to increase safety and efficiency at specific scenarios (e.g., HSR), but also to share responsibilities in providing data security [ 63 ]. The articles aiming to provide solutions to the topics listed in Section 3.1 are enumerated in Figure 7 . Although the distribution does not demonstrate a clear bias towards a specific area, the improvements in communication systems, along with the development of applications using AI, are expected to generate higher interest in the railway industry. Download 1.44 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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