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• I n r e c e n t y e a r s , to u ris m h a s burgeoned w orldw ide, and f o r some coun t r i e s s u rp a s s e d t r a d i t i o n a l i n d u s t r i e s t o become one of t h e w o r l d 's f a s t e s t grow ing i n d u s t r i e s , Same a n a l y s t s an d p o lic y m akers c o n s id e r i t to bs a c a t a l y s t t o t h e deve lo p m e n tal e f f o r t s o f some r e g i o n a l and n a t i o n a l econom ies. Among o t h e r t h in g s , to u r i s * i s a pow erful fo r c e f o r c u l t u r a l change, from a s t r i c t l y econom ic s t a n d p o i n t , to u rism c o n t r i b u t e s t o in c r e a s e d p ro d u c tio n , h e lp s t o prom ote and s u s t a i n employm ent l e v e l s , a s w e ll a s a l l e v i a t i n g c h r o n ic r e g io n a l im balance problem s a n d incom e d i s p a r i t i e s . T h is s tu d y seeks t o m ea su re t h e econom ic im p act o f to u ris m on t h e econom ic grow th o f New York C ity [NYC]. New York C ity i s r e c o g n iz e d a s t h e l e a d in g A m erican c u l t u r a l c e n t e r . The New York C ity D epartm ent of P la n n in g £ 1977] e s t i m a t e s t h a t m ore p e o p le corns t o New York C ity th a n a ry o t h e r c i t y i n t h e U n ite d S t a t e s . The New York C ity C on v en tio n and V i s i t o r s B u rea u [1982] a r g u e s t h a t to u rism i s one o f t h e f a s t e s t grow ing a r e a s i n t h e C i t y 's economy. On a n a v e ra g a day, a p p ro x im a te ly 140,000 v i s i t o r s spend $5 m i l l i o n i n t h e C ity . Growth th ro u g h to u ris m i s o o n s i s te n t w ith t h e s h i f t i n r e c e n t d e c ad e s from a m a n u fa c tu rin g t o a s e r v ic e o r i e n t e d economy. I n s p i t e of t o u r i s m 's im p o rta n c e , t h e r e i s no co m p re h en siv e stu d y t h a t a n a l y s e s t h e f u l l c o n t r i b u t i o n o f to u r i a o t o t h e econom ic grow th o f New York C it y . T h is d i s s e r t a t i o n se e k s t o f i l l t h i s BhP. The a n a l y s i s i s co n d u c ted i n t h r e e s t a g e s . The f i r s t s ta g e u t i l i z e s a K e y n esian d em a n d -o rien ted m odel t o a s s e s s t h e c o n t r i b u t i o n o f to u ris m to t h e C ity ' 3 economy. T h is model i s u s e f u l b ec au se i t l i n k s to u ris m d i r e c - i Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. PREVIEW - 2 - t l y t o t h e grow th o f G ro ss R eg io n al R roduot I d New York C it y . Ebr t h e p e r io d u n d er c o n s i d e r a t i o n (1970 t o 1 9 8 2 ), t h i s s tu d y w i l l p ro v id e im por t a n t p o lic y in fo rm a tio n on t h e a c t u a l an nual c o n t r i b u t i o n o f to u rism to t h e grow th o f G ro ss R eg io n al ftroduot i n New York C it y . The above model i s s i m i l a r t o t h o s e u sed ty G h a li [1976] a n d A rch er [1983] i n t h e i r a n a l y s e s o f to u r i a n and grow th i n H aw aii and B ab ard o s r e s p e c t i v e l y . (S e e S e c t i o n I I . ) I t i s s u b s e q u e n tly arg u ed t h a t t h i s K e y nesian A g g reg ate demand a p proach i s t o o a g g r e g a tiv e , b ecause i t d o es n o t m ea su re t h e r e l a t i v e incom e and employm ent c o n t r i b u t i o n s o f v a r io u s c a t e g o r i e s o f t o u r i s t s . Fbr t h i s re a s o n , t h e second s t a g e i n t r o d u c e s a d i s a g g r e g a t i v e m u l t i p l i e r model b ase d on i n p u t - o u t p u t a n a l y s i s . T h is m odel, which was o r i g i n a l l y d e v e lo p ed ty A rcher [1 9 7 6 ], h i g h l i g h t s t h e r e l a t i v e c o n t r i b u t i o n o f d i f f e r e n t t o u r i s t g ro u p s t o t h e g e n e r a t i o n o f incom e, employment and s a l e s . The t o u r i s t gro u p s s e l e c t e d f o r t h i s a n a l y s i s a r e C onvention D e le g a te s , B u s in e s s t r a v e l e r s , F b reig n t r a v e l e r s , Cut o f Region V i s i t o r s , (d o m e s tio ) a n d Day D r ip p e r s .(1 ) The d is a g g r e g a te d t o u r i s t m u l t i p l i e r s a r e p a r t i c u l a r l y i n t e r e s t i n g bec au se th ey m easure t h e prim ary a s w e ll a s t h e sec o n d ary and in d u c e d inoom e, employment an d t a x e f f e c t s o f e x p e n d itu r e s ty s e l e c t e d t o u r i s t g ro u p s. The m u l t i p l i e r s h av e s i g n i f i c a n t p o lic y im p l i c a t i o n s , g iv e n t h e C i t y 's o b j e o t l v e f u n c ti o n o f e i t h e r inoome, employ ment o r re v en u e m a x im iz a tio n . For exam ple, t h e m u l t i p l i e r c o e f f i c i e n t s , p ro v id e a p o lic y g u ide on w hich c a te g o ry o f t o u r i s t t o t a r g e t and e n c o u rag e i n t h e an n u a l " I Love New York" a d v e r t i s i n g cam paign. ( i i ) ( i ) S ee s e c t i o n I f o r a d i s o u s s io n o f t h e d e f i n i t i o n s o f t h e s e l e c t e d t o u r i s t g ro u p s. ( i i ) Note t h a t th e p re v io u s and c u r r e n t " I Love New York " a d v e r t i s i n g cam paigns a r e of a b la n k e t ty p e and make no p r o v i s i o n t o t a r g e t any par t i c u l a r t o u r i s t g*oup. T h is i s due i n p a r t t o t h e a b se n ce of knowledge Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. PREVIEW - 3 - The f i m l s t a g s i n v o l v e s a n e s t i m a t i o n o f a to u r i a n demand f u n c ti o n f o r New York C it y . The to u ris m demand f u n c t i o n i s im p o rta n t from bo th a p o lic y and r e s o u ro e a l l o c a t i o n s t a n d p o i n t . The to u ris m demand f u n c ti o n w i l l m easure t h e incom e, p r i c e , t r a v e l o o s t an d exchange r a t e e l a s t i c i t i e s o f demand f o r New York C ity t o u r i a n . Beoause o f New York C i t y 's a t t r a c t i o n t o f o r e i g n t o u r i s t s and t h e r e c e n t d e p r e c i a ti o n i n t h e d o l l a r 's v a lu e a d is c u s s i o n o f th e exchange r a t e e l a s t i c i t y of NYC to u ris m i s p a r t i c u l a r l y u s e f u l. The inoom e e l a s t i c i t y w i l l a l s o h e l p p ro v id e t e n t a t i v e i n d i c a t i o n s o n how p o t e n t i a l econom ic r e o e s s i o n s i n s e l e c t e d c o u n t r i e s may g e n e r a l l y a f f e c t to u ris m i n NYC, The to u ris m demand f u n c t i o n i s a l s o im p o rta n t f o r re s o u ro e a l l o c a t i o n p u rpo.ees . T h is i s beoause i n o r d e r f o r to u ris m to be e f f e c t i v e l y advanced a s a n avenue f o r grow th i n NYC, m ea su res o u g h t t o be ta k e n t o a v o id o v e r in v e s tm e n t i n t r a v e l f a c i l i t i e s , re s o u rc e u n d e r u t i l i z a t i o n an d m i s a l - l o o a t i o n i n t h e l o n g r u n . The t h r e a t o f re s o u ro e m l s a l lo o a t io n i s r e a l , b ecause New York C ity com petes v i g o ro u s ly f o r a g iv e n v o lu n e o f t o u r i s t s w ith t h e im m ediate s u rr o u n d in g r e g io n s , such a s A t l a n t i c C ity i n New J e r s e y , C o n n e c tic u t, Rhode I s l a n d a s w e ll a s t h e r e s t of t h e U n ite d S t a t e s . These a r e autonom ous r e g io n s and t h e i r b e h a v io r ca n n o t be con t r o l l e d t o s u i t t h e i n t e r e s t o f t o u r i a n p la n n e r s i n NYC. T h e r e fo r e th e t o u r i a n model f u n c ti o n s s e c o n d a r ily a s a n a tte m p t t o d e l i n e a t e th e t o u r i a n m ark e t f o r New York C it y . F in a l ly , t h e d e r i v a t i o n o f " b e ta " e l a s t i c i t y c o e f f i c i e n t s w i l l h e lp t o answ er p o lic y q u e s t i o n s r e l a t i n g t o t h e r e l a t i v e Im p o rta n ce of t h e v a r i a b l e s t h a t d e te rm in e t o u r i a n re v e n u e s i n New York C ity • I ab o u t t h e r e l a t i v e m u l t i p l i e r e f f e c t s o f e x p e n d itu r e s by d i f f e r e n t t o u r i s t g roups. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. PREVIEW - 4 - The t h r e e m odels oomplement ea ch o t h e r and th ro u g h th e s e oom plenen- t a r y I n t e r r e l a t i o n s a s s i s t i n p ro v id in g a co m prehensive p i c t u r e of t h e im p act o f t o u r i a n i n t h e NYC eoonomy. ( F i g 1 p r o v id e s a m e th o d o lo g ic a l f lo w c h a rt and shows t h e com plem entary i n t e r r e l a t i o n s h i p s among t h e v a r io u s models*-) T h is d i s s e r t a t i o n i s o rg a n iz e d i n t o f i v e s e c ti o n s . S e c tio n 1 re v ie w s r e o e n t l i t e r a t u r e i n t o u r i a n econom ics. In c lu d e d i n t h i s a e o t lo n i s a b r i e f p r o f i l e c f some o f t h e im p o rta n t e le m e n ts o f t o u r i a n i n New York C it y . The m ethodology and t h e r e s u l t s o f t h e K ey n esian d e m a n d -o rie n te d t o u r i a n g r& ith model i s t h e s u b je c t o f S e c tio n I I . S e c tio n I I I d i s c u s s e s t h e i n p u t - o u t p u t b ased m u l t i p l i e r m ethodology. S e c tio n IV p r e s e n t s t h e a n a ly s e s o f th e t o u r ia n demand f u n c ti o n . The f i n a l s e c t i o n p ro v id e s a sunmary o f -h e m ajor f i n d i n g s and t h e i r p o lic y Im p l i c a t i o n s . I Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. PREVIEW c A M e th o d o lo g ic a l Flow C h a rt “ “ T^Touhism ^ ^ ( e jo ie s l^ a n jf tg g re g i^ ^ ^ e o a r K ^ M o d e l^ ^ ^ ^ E o o n o m ie Growth i n K i c j "I . j ^ ---------------- 1 S e le c te d T o u r i s t s G ro u p s S e l e c t e d Grow th Com ponents Download 0.89 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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