International Economics
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Dominick-Salvatore-International-Economics
Problem Draw a figure similar to Figure 5.10 with the X-isoquant and the Y-isoquant
crossing only once within the relative factor price lines of the two nations and show that in that case there is no factor-intensity reversal. Salvatore c05.tex V2 - 10/26/2012 12:56 A.M. Page 150 150 Factor Endowments and the Heckscher–Ohlin Theory A5.6 The Elasticity of Substitution and Factor-Intensity Reversal We have said that for factor-intensity reversal to occur, the X-isoquant and the Y-isoquant must have sufficiently different curvatures to cross twice within the relative factor price lines prevailing in the two nations. The curvature of an isoquant measures the ease with which L can be substituted for K in production as the relative price of labor (i.e., w /r ) declines. When w /r falls, producers will want to substitute L for K in the production of both commodities to minimize their costs of production. The flatter (i.e., the smaller the curvature of) an isoquant, the easier it is to substitute L for K (and vice versa) in production. A measure of the curvature of an isoquant and the ease with which one factor can be substituted for another in production is given by the elasticity of substitution. The elasticity of substitution of L for K in production (e) is measured by the following formula: e = (K /L)/(K /L) (slope)/(slope) For example, the elasticity of substitution of L for K for commodity X between point D and point A is calculated as follows. K /L = 3 at point D and K /L = 1 / 3 at point A in Figure 5.10. Therefore, the change in K /L for a movement from point D to point A along the X-isoquant is 3 − 1 / 3 = 2 2 / 3 = 8 / 3 . Thus, (K /L)/(K /L) = ( 8 / 3 )/3 = 8 / 9 . The absolute slope of the X-isoquant is 2 at point D and 1 / 2 at point A. Therefore, (slope) = 2 − 1 / 2 = 1 1 / 2 = 3 / 2 . Thus, (slope)/(slope) = ( 3 / 2 )/2 = 3 / 4 . Substituting these values into the formula, we get e = (K /L)/(K /L) (slope)/(slope) = 8 /9 3 /4 = 32/27 = 1.19 Similarly, the elasticity of substitution of L and K between point C and point B along the Y-isoquant is e = (K /L)/(K /L) (slope)/(slope) = [ (4/3) − 3/4)]/(4/3) (2 − 1 / 2 )/(2) = (7/12)/(4/3) (1 1 / 2 )/2 = 21 /48 3 /4 = 84/144 = 0.58 Thus, the X-isoquant has a much smaller curvature and a much greater elasticity of sub- stitution than the Y-isoquant. It is this difference in curvature and elasticity of substitution between the X-isoquant and the Y-isoquant that results in their crossing twice within the relative factor price lines, giving factor-intensity reversal. Note that a difference in the cur- vature of the isoquants and in the elasticity of substitution is a necessary but not sufficient condition for factor-intensity reversal. For factor-intensity reversal to occur, the elasticity of substitution must be sufficiently different so that the isoquants of the two commodities cross within the relative factor price lines of the two nations. Download 7.1 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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