International Journal of Bank Marketing
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wang2018- customer value-Self-efficacy-advisory
About Emerald www.emeraldinsight.com
Emerald is a global publisher linking research and practice to the benefit of society. The company manages a portfolio of more than 290 journals and over 2,350 books and book series volumes, as well as providing an extensive range of online products and additional customer resources and services. Emerald is both COUNTER 4 and TRANSFER compliant. The organization is a partner of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) and also works with Portico and the LOCKSS initiative for digital archive preservation. *Related content and download information correct at time of download. Downloaded by University of Sunderland At 05:50 15 September 2018 (PT) Customer participation and the roles of self-efficacy and adviser-efficacy Chung-Yu Wang Department of Business Administration, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, Taiwan Abstract Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to examine how customers derive value and switching costs from their own participation conditional on their perceived efficacy of themselves (self-efficacy) and their advisers (adviser-efficacy) in financial services. Design/methodology/approach – Student interviewers approached customers exiting banks with a skip interval of two. The respondents received the questionnaire items translated into Chinese. The final survey sample consists of 220 respondents. Findings
– Empirical results confirm that customer participation influences switching costs through customer value. The synergistic effect of self-efficacy and adviser-efficacy moderates the relationships among customer participation, customer value and switching costs. The incongruent levels of self-efficacy and adviser-efficacy can increase customer value and switching costs. Originality/value – This study looks beyond self-efficacy to demonstrate that the synergistic roles of self-efficacy and adviser-efficacy significantly influence the relationships among customer participation, customer value and switching costs. Keywords Switching costs, Customer value, Customer participation Paper type Research paper Introduction Firms may increase their competitive effectiveness by encouraging customer participation (Bendapudi and Leone, 2003). Kelley et al. (1990, p. 315) noted that customer participation occurs when a “customer […] provides resources to the service organization in the form of either information or effort. ” Service-dominant logic (Vargo and Lusch, 2004) suggests that customers should be viewed as proactive co-creators rather than just passive receivers of value, and companies should assume the role of facilitators of value co-creation (Payne et al., 2008). Customer participation is the key not only to customer satisfaction but more importantly to value co-creation (Chan et al., 2010; Chen and Wang, 2016; Mustak et al., 2016; Yim et al., 2012) and switching costs. Customer participation offers economic benefits (e.g. customized services and enhanced quality), strengthens relational bonds between customers and employees and provides enjoyment value (Chan et al., 2010; Yim et al., 2012; Chen and Wang, 2016). Previous investments in a relationship (e.g. participating in customization and building social capital through interaction with employees) may lead to straight losses if the relationship is switched (Mustak et al., 2016; Pick and Martin, 2014; Liu, 2006). Presenting customers with provider heterogeneity, product complexity and satisfactory value develops switching costs (Burnham et al., 2003; Liu et al., 2005; Wathne et al., 2001). Therefore, customer value may mediate the relationship between customer participation and switching costs. Customer participation creates a challenging situation for customers who should be responsible in their roles in various service contexts, such as online self-service (Van Beuningen et al., 2009; Chen and Wang, 2016) and financial services (Chan et al., 2010). International Journal of Bank Marketing © Emerald Publishing Limited 0265-2323 DOI 10.1108/IJBM-10-2017-0220 Received 24 October 2017 Revised 12 February 2018 12 April 2018 Accepted 18 April 2018 The current issue and full text archive of this journal is available on Emerald Insight at: www.emeraldinsight.com/0265-2323.htm The author sincerely appreciates the precious comments from the anonymous reviewers and the financial aid from the Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan (MOST 103-2410-H-151 -011). Customer participation Downloaded by University of Sunderland At 05:50 15 September 2018 (PT)
The ability of customers to deal with challenges induced by customer participation introduces an issue of perceived capability (or self-efficacy) in participating that may affect the creation of perceived value and switching costs (McKee et al., 2006, p. 217). Previous research on service participation examines the self-appraisal of capabilities and self-efficacy, which are considered antecedents to customer participation (McKee et al., 2006). Dong et al. (2014) demonstrated that participation readiness moderates the relationship between customer participation and service outcomes. The drawback is that these researchers failed to examine the moderating roles of self-efficacy and adviser-efficacy in value co-creation and switching costs through customer participation. The self-efficacy of consumers may dynamically interact with their adviser-efficacy beliefs to affect their behaviors and attitudes (Bandura, 1982; Dunlop et al., 2011; Lent and Lopez, 2002). To address these research gaps, the present study proposes and tests a model of customers deriving value and switching costs from customer participation conditional on their perceived efficacy about themselves and of their partners in the context of financial services. This study contributes to the literature, particularly to the recent studies on customer participation in the service context. First, this study confirms the significant mediating role of perceived value in the relationship between customer participation and switching costs. This endeavor helps fill the research gap in value co-creation by complementing the works of Chan et al. (2010), Chen and Wang (2016) and Yim et al. (2012) that predominantly examined co-creation values through customer participation but neglected switching costs. The present study proposes a conceptual model to investigate how customer participation enables customers to co-create value and perceive switching costs. Second, this study represents an attempt in the service literature to examine how the self-efficacy and adviser-efficacy of customers moderate the extent to which customer participation enhances the perceived value and switching costs. This work extends and enriches previous findings about the boundary conditions of value co-creation in customer participation (Chan et al., 2010; Chen and Wang, 2016; Dong et al., 2014; Mustak et al., 2016; Yim et al., 2012). Relational efficacy beliefs are manageable and practical from a company perspective because they can be readily influenced by company actions, such as education and training (Parker, 1998). Finally, the current work considers the self-efficacy and adviser-efficacy of customers and examines their synergistic effects. Specifically, the consequences of congruence and incongruence between these efficacy beliefs shed new light on the unexplored but critical effects of the expected roles of participants. Literature review and hypotheses The model depicts how customer participation enables customers to co-create value, which then affects switching costs. The value co-creation is further conditional on the customers ’ efficacy beliefs (self-efficacy and adviser-efficacy) toward participation. The model is founded on the service-dominant logic (Vargo and Lusch, 2004), which advocates a customer participation –value co-creation link as an overarching framework to conceptualize the relationships among customer participation, customer value, switching cost and efficacy beliefs. This new logic urges companies to become facilitators of value co-creation (Payne et al., 2008). The model also draws theoretical support from the framework of relational efficacy beliefs (Bandura, 1982; Lent and Lopez, 2002) to justify examining adviser-efficacy, in addition to self-efficacy, and the synergistic effects of these efficacy beliefs on value co-creation through customer participation. Customer participation The definitions of customer participation involve many forms and degrees, from firm, to joint, to customer production (Meuter and Bitner, 1998). Following Meuter and Bitner (1998), Dong et al. (2014) categorized customer participation into three levels. At low levels, service is primarily delivered by service providers. Often, customers may only be physically present IJBM Downloaded by University of Sunderland At 05:50 15 September 2018 (PT) or take the minimum responsibility for service provision, such as a technician setting up the internet. At moderate levels, customers and service providers collaborate to produce service by contributing effort, time and/or other resources, exemplified by customers of professional financial services who participate by providing information to their financial advisers and jointly making decisions about investment plans (Yim et al., 2012). At high levels, customers assume the responsibility of service production, whereas the role of service providers is limited. Self-service technology is an example of such high-customer participation services. Similarly, Troye and Supphellen (2012) focused on self-production in which consumers use branded kits to produce outcomes for themselves, such as assembling a chair from IKEA. Given that the present study intends to understand value creation when customers participate and interact with employees in services, firm and customer production (e.g. self-service technologies) are not considered. Following Yim et al. (2012), customer participation is the extent to which customers provide or share information, make suggestions and become involved in decision making during service co-creation and delivery (Auh et al., 2007). Customer value According to service-dominant logic, customers are viewed as proactive value co-creators (Payne et al., 2008). Customer value (or customer-perceived value) is a comparison between the weighted “get” and “give” attributes (Heskett et al., 1994). For example, a customer and a financial adviser engage in an interaction in which both parties incur costs (monetary or non-monetary) and carry expectations of co-creating something of value in return (e.g. satisfactory relationship) (Chan et al., 2010). Value is inherent to the use of products/services, such as in consumers ’ perceived preferences for and calculation of benefits (e.g. profitable fund portfolio), minus the costs (e.g. effort expended) of engaging in an exchange (Chan et al., 2010; Chen and Wang, 2016; Ramirez, 1999). Customers who engage in the service process can reduce financial and performance risks (Etgar, 2008). Participation also allows customers to make more choices and work with service providers to create high levels of customization (Auh et al., 2007; Schneider and Bowen, 1985). Value may also be a consequence of using the products/services that facilitate collective goals and thus may be derived from emotional or relational bonds between customers and providers (Butz and Goodstein, 1996; Chan et al., 2010; Chen and Wang, 2016; Yim et al., 2012). Customers and employees can co-create relational value through sense of enjoyment and building of relationships (Chan et al., 2010). Prior works indicate that participation can be intrinsically attractive (Bateson, 1985) and enjoyable (Dabholkar and Bagozzi, 2002). Customer participation may cause relationship building between customers and employees (Claycomb et al., 2001). Therefore: H1. Customer participation positively influences customer value. Switching costs Switching costs are the costs incurred when changing from one supplier to another (Heide and Weiss, 1995). The domain of these expenses includes monetary and non-monetary costs (e.g. time and psychological effort expended) (Dick and Basu, 1994) and comprises of the loss of loyalty benefits incurred by a firm when customers transfer their business elsewhere (Heide and Weiss, 1995). Customer participation may enable service providers to create customized services and switching costs for customers. Coulter and Coulter (2002) indicated that when the length of service relationship increases, the effect of offer-related characteristics (e.g. competence, customization, reliability and promptness) on customer trust levels also increases. Customer participation allows customers to receive superior service outcomes that fit their particular needs and aid them in developing and maintaining better relationships with their service Customer participation Downloaded by University of Sunderland At 05:50 15 September 2018 (PT)
providers (Mustak et al., 2016). This instance may in turn generate high switching costs (Aydin and Ozer, 2005). Presenting customers with provider heterogeneity, product complexity and satisfactory value co-creation develops switching costs and builds exit barriers (Burnham et al., 2003; Liu et al., 2005). Pick and Martin (2014) revealed that former investments in a relationship may lead to straight losses if the relationship is switched. The potential for such loss makes investments an important driver of switching costs ( Jackson, 1985). In professional financial services, the relational value derived from employees who care for and establish social bonds with customers can serve as a powerful exit barrier (Patterson and Smith, 2001, 2003). These studies imply that customer participation may fortify customer –provider relationships and create high switching costs. The economic value and the value obtained from the relational and support aspects of a service positively influence the switching costs (Liu, 2006). Relational value is generally co-created by both customers and employees working closely together, investing time, effort and resources to develop mutual specifications. Successful working relationships may establish a network identity (Olkkonen, 2001) that is difficult to replace, and thus these relationships increase exit barriers. Economic value focuses on high quality and/or low price compared with alternatives. A price –quality comparison is viewed as a determinant to switching behavior (Wathne et al., 2001) and can therefore create strong exit barriers. That is, as customers perceive that they are getting a better deal, they perceive the costs associated with switching from the company as high (Liu, 2006). This discussion suggests that customer participation may initiate co-creation and then perceive high switching costs. Therefore: H2. Customer participation positively influences switching costs. H3. Customer-perceived value positively influences switching costs. H3a. Customer-perceived value mediates the relationship between customer participation and switching costs. Synergistic effects of self-efficacy and adviser-efficacy Self-efficacy, which is the “belief in one’s capabilities to organize and execute the courses of action required to produce given attainments, ” is a situational variable that can be changed or influenced (Bandura, 1977). Focusing only on the role of self-efficacy in customer participation can be problematic because the relationship between customers and employees in service co-production involves interdependent relationships, implying that both parties ’ perceived capabilities of each other are also important (Bandura, 1977; Bandura et al., 2001). Lent and Lopez (2002) conceptualized other-efficacy as an individual ’s belief in his or her partner ’s capabilities to perform particular tasks (i.e. “I am confident in my partner ’s ability to […]”). Jackson and Beauchamp (2010) determined that the positive actor effects for self-efficacy are related to effort, whereas those for other-efficacy are correlated with commitment, effort and satisfaction. The judgments of both self-efficacy and other-efficacy play important roles in shaping motivations and experiences (Bray et al., 2001; Lent and Lopez, 2002). In financial services, success demands clients and financial advisers to exchange information and jointly decide about financial planning (Auh et al., 2007). Partners who are confident in their own and their partners
’ capabilities to participate are inclined to derive great value and perceive switching costs from the collaboration. For example, the perception of patients toward their own efficacy increases their adherence to the prescribed treatments when they have confidence in the judgment of experts and actions of their providers (Christensen et al., 1996). McKee et al. (2006, p. 217) highlighted that enhanced service using self-efficacy can become a switching cost. Previous studies also demonstrate that customer participation positively IJBM Downloaded by University of Sunderland At 05:50 15 September 2018 (PT) affects customer intrinsic value (or an enjoyable experience) when customers show high levels of self-efficacy and other-efficacy (e.g. Yim et al., 2012). Mustak et al. (2016) found that optimizing customer participation requires service providers to apply managerial methods and techniques developed for their own employees to their customers. By contrast, customers who are convinced of inefficacy feel uncomfortable and may dislike service co-production (Bandura, 1982). Therefore: H4a. Customer participation positively affects customer value when customers exhibit high levels of self-efficacy and adviser-efficacy. H4b. Customer participation positively affects switching costs when customers exhibit high levels of self-efficacy and adviser-efficacy. The incongruent levels among clients, such as low customer self-efficacy and high customer adviser-efficacy, may validate their role expectations for their partners. These incongruent but complementary appraisals of self-efficacy and adviser-efficacy can continue to perform well because strong expectations toward the efficacy of a partner may help compensate for low self-efficacy (Lent and Lopez, 2002). Lent and Lopez (2002) concluded that clients may obtain satisfying therapy experiences even if they feel inefficacious about their own abilities because they are optimistic about the competence of their therapist. Yim et al. (2012) also demonstrated that customer participation positively affects customer participation enjoyment when customers have low self-efficacy but high other-efficacy. Thus, customers with low self-efficacy can perceive high value and switching costs from customer participation as long as they have high adviser-efficacy beliefs about the service employees. Therefore: H5a. Customer participation positively affects customer value when customers exhibit low self-efficacy but high adviser-efficacy. H5b. Customer participation positively affects switching costs when customers exhibit low self-efficacy but high adviser-efficacy. Clients tend to view high customer self-efficacy and low customer adviser-efficacy as a role-expectancy violation. The high customer self-efficacy of clients may motivate them to exert additional effort. However, clients may attain less benefits from their participation when they perceive that their financial advisers have inadequate capability to co-create. The cognitive dissonance created by a role-expectancy violation may cause frustration or anger (Festinger, 1957). Dunlop et al. (2011) found that individuals under low other-efficacy conditions may perceive that exhibiting the best collective performance is impossible given the low capabilities of their partner. These individuals may become disengaged from the task during the final trial relative to the participants in enhanced other-efficacy conditions. High customer self-efficacy and low customer adviser-efficacy may create inequity perceptions among clients because these conditions violate the norm of reciprocity in social exchanges (Blau, 1964). In addition, such cases may impair the effect of customer participation on customer value and switching costs. Therefore: H6a. Customer participation negatively affects customer value when customers exhibit high self-efficacy but low adviser-efficacy. H6b. Customer participation negatively affects switching costs when customers exhibit high self-efficacy but low adviser-efficacy. Methodology Unless otherwise indicated, all items use a seven-point Likert scale (1 ¼ “strongly disagree” and 7
¼ “strongly agree”). The items are from previous research, with minor wording modifications to fit the context of this study. As previously mentioned, this work selected Customer participation Downloaded by University of Sunderland At 05:50 15 September 2018 (PT)
financial services as the research context because such services offer opportunities for co-creation of both perceived value and switching costs through customer participation (Payne et al., 2008; Pick and Martin, 2014). The original questionnaire was prepared in English and then translated into Chinese by means of standard back-translation methods (Brislin, 1980). The questionnaire was pretested with several customers who were asked to comment on any items they found ambiguous or difficult to understand; no major changes to the items were required. Following Yim et al. (2012), the current work adopted a self-reported behavioral approach to capture the customers ’ level of participation in the service process. Using five items, customer participation was measured, that is, the extent to which a customer invests time and effort to share information, provides suggestions, and becomes involved in decision making during service production and delivery. This work adapted the customers ’ self-efficacy scale from the personal efficacy belief scale of Riggs et al. (1994), with four items that measured the customers ’ beliefs in their ability and confidence to perform participation tasks. This work used the same four items but amended them to refer to rating the employee ( for customer adviser-efficacy) for measuring adviser-efficacy. A two-item scale regarding service value was drawn from Cronin et al. (2000). The switching costs were measured using three items proposed by Jones et al. (2000). On the basis of preceding considerations, a conceptual model is developed in this work (see Figure 1). Sample Financial services provide an appropriate context for this study because an intrinsically rewarding experience is crucial in these services (Allen and McGoun, 2000; Payne et al., 2008). A lack of confidence or efficacy in either party likely limits the effectiveness of their co-production of successful service outcomes (Van Beuningen et al., 2009). The data for this study were obtained from customers of financial services of different banks in Taiwan, which include loans, insurance, financial planning and asset/fund management. Customers conducting business transactions during the data collection period were asked to fill out one questionnaire. Undergraduate students were given extra credit for recruiting non-student participants (see Gwinner et al., 1998; Tokman et al., 2007). Three students were trained as recruiters prior to data collection. The training enabled students to recruit respondents who were asked to complete a self-report questionnaire. Customers were approached with a skip (H4a, H5a, H6a) (H4b, H5b, H6b) Download 419.8 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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