International Journal of Economics and Finance; Vol. 9, No. 2; 2017
Results, Analysis and Discussion
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4. Results, Analysis and Discussion
Results are reported in Table 3, 4 and 5. Its indicate that the Pooled Mean Group estimator, the efficient estimator under the null hypothesis, is preferred to Mean Group estimator, both for ROA and ROE models. It’s also confirm that the Pooled Mean Group estimator is more efficient and consistent than the Dynamic Fixed-Effects estimator, according to Hausman test, checking for endogeneity between the error term and the lagged dependent variables (Table 5). Moreover, the error correction term, the adjustment coefficient, has a negative and statistically significant value and average to -1.0 for ROA models and -0.94 for ROE models (Table 4). These imply that, models are dynamically stables, and banks’ return on assets and return on equity in Togo adjust fast to equilibrium levels in the current period, from a disequilibrium experienced in the previous period after a shock to any of its determinants. Furthermore, results suggest that, in the short-run, banks’ return on assets and return on equity are not related to macroeconomics variables (Table 3). But banks’ ROA is determined positively by bank capital to assets ratio and bank size, while banks’ ROE is affected negatively by bank capital to assets ratio. Their coefficients are statistically significant and do not change largely when we introduce one by one macroeconomics variables, confirming the relationship robustness. The bank capital to assets ratio and bank size short-run coefficients for banks’ ROA are average to 0.42 and 8.3, respectively, and the bank capital to assets ratio short-run coefficient for banks’ ROE is average to -3.8. However, in the long-run, real gross domestic product growth and real effective exchange rate affect negatively and statistically significant banks’ return on assets, while inflation rate has no effect on banks’ return on assets (Table 4). The real gross domestic product growth and real effective exchange rate long-run coefficients are -1.5 and -0.06, respectively. These finds imply that a one percentage point increase in real gross domestic product growth may declines in overall 1.5 percentage of banks’ return on assets. This find is contradictory with theoretical predictions of the relationship between bank’s return on assets and real GDP growth, but confirming Francis (2013) revelation in Sub-Saharan context. This result pointed out the debate about banking sector in Sub-Saharan, most especially Togolese baking sector capacities to manage loans losses and loans originate in GDP expansion period. Furthermore, when the real effective exchange rate decreases of one percentage point, banks’ return on assets may increase about 0.06 percent. This find is consistent with the theoretical predictions of relationship between bank’s return on assets and real effective exchange rate, when the positive firms’ competitiveness effect dominates the negative domestic consumer purchasing power effect. Concerning bank’s return on equity, long-run results show that real GDP growth, real effective exchange rate, and inflation affect are negatively related to bank’s return on equity. The real GDP growth, real effective exchange rate, and inflation long-run coefficients are -6.47, -2.71, and -2.01, respectively. These finds imply that a one percentage point increase in real GDP growth, real effective exchange rate, and inflation may declines in overall 6.47%, 2.71%, and 2.01% of banks’ return on equity. Results confirm theoretical predictions of relationship between bank’s return on equity and real effective exchange rate and inflation, while it infirm GDP relationship. The inflation impact on banks’ return on assets passes through the bank capital to assets ratio. Indeed, this ratio loses it coefficient significance when we introduce inflation rate into the equation. This could be explained by the fact that a bad anticipation of inflation affects essentially banks’ operating costs and the first amortization of this cost is banks’ capital. ijef.ccsenet.org International Journal of Economics and Finance Vol. 9, No. 2; 2017 185 Table 3. Results of short-run effects of macroeconomics effects on banks’ profitability Banks’ performance indicators Return On Assets, ROA Return On Equity, ROE Variables Model1 Model2 Model3 Model4 Model1 Model2 Model3 Model4 D.CAR 0.43*** (0.15) 0.16 (0.18) 0.36 0.42** (0.21) -3.44** (1.62) -4.53** (2.07) -1.69 (3.52) -3.57** (1.58) -0.24 D.BS 8.30*** (2.98) 7.93 (5.39) 7.53** (3.54) 8.33** (3.70) -2.99 (34.46) -16.80 (37.63) 22.14 (34.42) 7.25 (42.17) D.GDP 0.33 (0.41) 4.01 (3.13) D.INFL 0.13 1.35 (4.44) -0.23 D.RER 0.10 (0.08) 0.14 (2.06) Table 4. Results of long-run effects of macroeconomics effects on banks’ profitability Banks’ performance indicators Variables Return On Assets, ROA Return On Equity, ROE Model1 Model2 Model3 Model4 Model1 Model2 Model3 Model4 EC -1.19*** (0.20) -0.87*** (0.20) -0.94*** (0.19) -1.00*** (0.19) -1.07*** (0.12) -0.90*** (0.15) -0.91*** (0.13) -0.88*** (0.10) CAR -0.12*** (0.04) -0.163*** (0.01) -0.099*** (0.03) -0.25*** (0.03) -0.66** (0.28) -0.63*** (0.24) -0.1643 -0.64** (0.29) BS 1.61*** (0.19) 3.13*** (0.25) 1.77*** (0.27) 2.04*** (0.09) 11.01*** (3.26) 32.96*** (4.92) -1.33 (3.31) 8.54** (3.50) GDP -1.50*** (0.06) -6.47*** (1.61) INFL -0.08 (0.05) -2.01** (0.85) RER -0.06*** (0.01) -2.71*** (0.88) Constant -21.03*** (3.34) -23.64*** (5.54) -18.24*** (3.53) -21.02*** (3.90) -116.2*** (13.86) -284.9*** (43.73) 22.10*** (5.49) -70.8*** (10.31) Source: Authors, Robust standard errors (in parenthesis) and cluster the standard errors at country level *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1. Table 5. 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