Document Outline - Cover
- Half-title
- Title
- Copyright
- Dedication
- Contents
- Preface
- Table of Cases
- Table of Treaties and Selected Other International Instruments
- Abbreviations
- 1 The nature and development of international law
- Law and politics in the world community
- The role of force
- The international system
- The function of politics
- Historical development
- Early origins
- The Middle Ages and the Renaissance
- The founders of modern international law
- Positivism and naturalism
- The nineteenth century
- The twentieth century
- Communist approaches to international law
- The Third World
- Suggestions for further reading
- 2 International law today
- The expanding legal scope of international concern
- Modern theories and interpretations
- Positive Law and Natural Law
- New approaches
- The fragmentation of international law?
- Conclusion
- Suggestions for further reading
- 3 Sources
- Custom
- Introduction
- The material fact
- What is state practice?
- Protest, acquiescence and change in customary law
- Regional and local custom
- Treaties
- General principles of law
- Equity and international law
- Judicial decisions
- Writers
- Other possible sources of international law
- The International Law Commission
- Other bodies
- Unilateral acts
- Hierarchy of sources and jus cogens
- Suggestions for further reading
- 4 International law and municipal law
- The theories
- The role of municipal rules in international law
- International law before municipal courts
- Customary international law
- Treaties
- The United States
- Other countries
- Justiciability, act of state and related doctrines
- Executive certificates
- Suggestions for further reading
- 5 The subjects of international law
- Legal personality - introduction
- States
- Creation of statehood
- Self-determination and the criteria of statehood
- Recognition
- Extinction of statehood
- The fundamental rights of states
- Independence
- Equality
- Protectorates and protected states
- Federal states
- Sui gener is territorial entities
- Mandated and trust territories
- Germany 1945
- Condominium
- International administration of territories
- Taiwan
- The 'Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus' (TRNC)
- The Saharan Arab Democratic Republic
- Various secessionist claimants
- Associations of states
- Conclusions
- Special cases
- The Sovereign Order of Malta
- The Holy See and the Vatican City
- Insurgents and belligerents
- National liberation movements (NLMs)
- International public companies
- Transnational corporations
- The right of all peoples to self-determination
- The establishment of the legal right
- The definition of self-determination
- Peaceful co-existence
- Protectorates and protected states
- Federal states
- Sui generis territorial entities
- Mandated and trust territories
- Germany 1945
- Condominium
- International administration of territories
- Taiwan
- The ‘Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus’ (TRNC)
- The Saharan Arab Democratic Republic
- Various secessionist claimants
- Associations of states
- Conclusions
- Special cases
- The Sovereign Order of Malta
- The Holy See and the Vatican City
- Insurgents and belligerents
- National liberation movements (NLMs)
- International public companies
- Transnational corporations
- The right of all peoples to self-determination
- The establishment of the legal right
- The definition of self-determination
- Individuals
- International organisations
- The acquisition, nature and consequences of legal personality – some conclusions
- Suggestions for further reading
- 6 The international protection of human rights
- The nature of human rights
- Ideological approaches to human rights in international law
- The development of international human rights law
- Some basic principles
- Domestic jurisdiction
- The exhaustion of domestic or local remedies rule
- Priorities of rights
- Customary international law and human rights
- Evolving principles
- The United Nations system-general
- The protection of the collective rights of groups and individuals
- Prohibition of genocide
- Prohibition of discrimination
- The principle of self-determination as a human right
- The protection of minorities
- Other suggested collective rights
- The United Nations system-implementation
- Political bodies - general
- The Commission on Human Rights (1946–2006)
- The Human Rights Council
- Expert bodies established by UN organs
- The Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights
- The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
- Expert bodies established under particular treaties
- The Human Rights Committee
- The Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women
- The Committee Against Torture
- The Committee on the Rights of the Child
- The Committee on the Protection of Migrant Workers
- The Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
- The Committee on Enforced Disappearances
- Conclusions
- The specialised agencies
- The International Labour Organisation
- The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation
- Suggestions for further reading
- 7 The regional protection of human rights
- Europe
- The Council of Europe
- The European Convention on Human Rights
- The convention system
- The European Social Charter
- The European Convention for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman and Degrading Treatment or Punishment
- The Council of Europe Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities
- The European Union
- The OSCE (Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe)
- The CIS Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms
- The Human Rights Chamber of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- The Inter-American Convention on Human Rights
- The Banjul Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights
- The Arab Charter on Human Rights
- Suggestions for further reading
- 8 Individual criminal responsibility in international law
- International criminal courts and tribunals
- The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY)
- The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR)
- The International Criminal Court (ICC)
- Hybrid courts and other internationalised domestic courts and tribunals
- The Special Court for Sierra Leone
- The Extraordinary Chambers of Cambodia
- Kosovo Regulation 64 panels
- East Timor Special Panels for Serious Crime
- The Bosnia War Crimes Chamber
- The Special Tribunal for Lebanon
- The Iraqi High Tribunal
- The Serbian War Crimes Chamber
- International crimes
- Genocide
- War Crimes
- Crimes against humanity
- Aggression
- Conclusion - fair trial provisions
- Suggestions for further reading
- 9 Recognition
- Recognition of states
- Recognition of governments
- De facto and de jure recognition
- Premature recognition
- Implied recognition
- Conditional recognition
- Collective recognition
- Withdrawal of recognition
- Non-recognition
- The legal effects of recognition
- Internationally
- Internally
- Suggestions for further reading
- 10 Territory
- The concept of territory in international law
- Territorial sovereignty
- New states and title to territory
- The acquisition of additional territory
- Boundary treaties and boundary awards
- Accretion
- Cession
- Conquest and the use of force
- The exercise of effective control
- Intertemporal law
- Critical date
- Sovereign activities (effectivités)
- The role of subsequent conduct: recognition, acquiescence and estoppel
- Conclusions
- Territorial integrity, self-determination and sundry claims
- The doctrine of uti possidetis
- Beyond uti possidetis
- International boundary rivers
- The Falkland Islands
- 'The common heritage of mankind'
- The polar regions
- Leases and servitudes
- The law of outer space
- The definition and delimitation of outer space
- The regime of outer space
- Telecommunications
- Suggestions for further reading
- 11 The law of the sea
- The territorial sea
- Internal waters
- Baselines
- Bays
- Islands
- Archipelagic states
- The width of the territorial sea
- The juridical nature of the territorial sea
- The right of innocent passage
- Jurisdiction over foreign ships
- International straits
- The contiguous zone
- The exclusive economic zone
- The continental shelf
- Definition
- The rights and duties of the coastal state
- Maritime delimitation
- Landlocked states
- The high seas
- Jurisdiction on the high seas
- Exceptions to the exclusivity of flag-state jurisdiction
- Right of visit
- Piracy
- The slave trade
- Unauthorised broadcasting
- Hot pursuit
- Collisions
- Treaty rights and agreements
- Pollution
- Straddling stocks
- The international seabed
- Introduction
- The 1982 Law of the Sea Convention (Part XI)
- The Reciprocating States Regime
- The 1994 Agreement on Implementation of the Seabed Provisions of the Convention on the Law of the Sea
- The International Seabed Authority
- Settlement of disputes
- The International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea
- Suggestions for further reading
- 12 Jurisdiction
- The principle of domestic jurisdiction
- Legislative, executive and judicial jurisdiction
- Civil jurisdiction
- Criminal jurisdiction
- The territorial principle
- The nationality principle
- The passive personality principle
- The protective principle
- The universality principle
- Treaties providing for jurisdiction
- The US Alien Tort Claims Act
- Extradition
- Extraterritorial jurisdiction
- Suggestions for further reading
- 13 Immunities from jurisdiction
- Sovereign immunity
- The absolute immunity approach
- The restrictive approach
- Sovereign and non-sovereign acts
- State immunity and violations of human rights
- Commercial acts
- Contracts of employment
- Other non-immunity areas
- The personality issue – instrumentalities and parts of the state
- The personality issue – immunity for government figures
- Waiver of immunity
- Pre-judgment attachment
- Immunity from execution
- The burden and standard of proof
- Conclusion
- Diplomatic law
- The Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1961
- The inviolability of the premises of the mission
- The diplomatic bag
- Diplomatic immunities – property
- Diplomatic immunities – personal
- Waiver of immunity
- Consular privileges and immunities: the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations, 1963
- The Convention on Special Missions, 1969
- The Vienna Convention on the Representation of States in their Relations with International Organisations of a Universal Character, 1975
- The immunities of international organisations
- Suggestions for further reading
- 14 State responsibility
- The nature of state responsibility
- The question of fault
- Imputability
- Ultra vires acts
- State control and responsibility
- Mob violence, insurrections and civil wars
- Circumstances precluding wrongfulness
- Invocation of state responsibility
- The consequences of internationally wrongful acts
- Serious breaches of peremptory norms (jus cogens)
- Diplomatic protection and nationality of claims
- The exhaustion of local remedies
- The treatment of aliens
- The expropriation of foreign property
- The property question
- The nature of expropriation
- Public purposes
- Compensation
- Bilateral investment treaties
- Lump-sum agreements
- Non-discrimination
- The Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency
- Suggestions for further reading
- 15 International environmental law
- State responsibility and the environment
- The basic duty of states
- The appropriate standard
- Damage caused
- Liability for damage caused by private persons
- Prevention of transboundary harm from hazardous activities
- The problems of the state responsibility approach
- International co-operation
- Atmospheric pollution
- Ozone depletion and global warming
- Outer space
- International watercourses
- Ultra-hazardous activities
- Nuclear activities
- The provision of information
- The provision of assistance
- Nuclear safety
- Civil liability
- Hazardous wastes
- Marine pollution
- Suggestions for further reading
- 16 The law of treaties
- The making of treaties
- Formalities
- Consent
- Consent by signature
- Consent by exchange of instruments
- Consent by ratification
- Consent by accession
- Reservations to treaties
- Reservations to treaties
- Entry into force of treaties
- The application of treaties
- The amendment and modification of treaties
- Treaty interpretation
- Invalidity, termination and suspension of the operation of treaties
- General provisions
- Invalidity of treaties
- Jus cogens
- Consequences of invalidity
- The termination of treaties
- Termination by treaty provision or consent
- Material breach
- Supervening impossibility of performance
- Fundamental change of circumstances
- Dispute settlement
- Treaties between states and international organisations
- Suggestions for further reading
- 17 State succession
- Continuity and succession
- Succession to treaties
- Categories of treaties: territorial, political and other treaties
- Succession to treaties generally
- Absorption and merger
- Cession of territory from one state to another
- Secession from an existing state to form a new state or states
- ‘Newly independent states’
- Dissolution of states
- International human rights treaties
- Succession with respect to matters other than treaties
- Membership of international organisations
- Succession to assets and debts
- State property
- State archives
- Public debt
- Private rights
- State succession and nationality
- Hong Kong
- Suggestions for further reading
- 18 The settlement of disputes by peaceful means
- Diplomatic methods of dispute settlement
- Negotiation
- Good offices and mediation
- Inquiry
- Conciliation
- International institutions and dispute settlement
- Regional organisations
- The African Union (Organisation of African Unity)
- The Organisation of American States
- The Arab League
- Europe
- International organisations and facilities of limited competence
- Binding methods of dispute settlement
- Suggestions for further reading
- 19 The International Court of Justice
- The organisation of the Court
- The jurisdiction of the Court
- General
- The nature of a legal dispute
- Contentious jurisdiction
- Article 36(1)
- Article 36(2)
- Sources of law, propriety and legal interest
- Evidence
- Provisional measures
- Counter-claims
- Third-party intervention
- Remedies
- Enforcement
- Application for interpretation of a judgment
- Application for revision of a judgment
- Examination of a situation after the judgment
- The advisory jurisdiction of the Court
- The role of the Court
- Proliferation of courts and tribunals
- Suggestions for further reading
- 20 International law and the use of force by states
- Law and force from the 'just war' to the United Nations
- The UN Charter
- 'Force'
- 'Against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state'
- Categories of force
- Retorsion
- Reprisals
- The right of self-defence
- The protection of nationals abroad
- Conclusions
- Collective self-defence
- Intervention
- Civil wars
- Aid to the authorities of a state
- Aid to rebels
- The situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Humanitarian intervention
- Terrorism and international law
- Suggestions for further reading
- 21 International humanitarian law
- Development
- The scope of protection under international humanitarian law
- The wounded and sick
- Prisoners of war
- Protection of civilians and occupation
- The conduct of hostilities
- Armed conflicts: international and internal
- Non-international armed conflict
- Enforcement of humanitarian law
- Conclusion
- Suggestions for further reading
- 22 The United Nations
- The UN system
- The Security Council
- The General Assembly
- Other principal organs
- The peaceful settlement of disputes
- The League of Nations
- The United Nations system
- The Security Council
- The General Assembly
- The Secretary-General
- Peacekeeping and observer missions
- Conclusion
- The collective security system
- The Security Council
- Determination of the situation
- Chapter VII measures
- The use of force in non-enforcement situations
- The range of UN actions from humanitarian assistance to enforcement – conclusions
- The Security Council, international law and the International Court of Justice
- The role of the General Assembly
- The UN and regional arrangements and agencies
- Suggestions for further reading
- 23 International institutions
- Introduction
- A brief survey of international institutions
- Institutions of a universal character
- Regional institutions
- Europe
- The American continent
- The Arab League
- Africa
- Asia
- Some legal aspects of international organisations
- Personality
- The constituent instruments
- The powers of international institutions
- The applicable law
- The responsibility of international institutions
- Liability of member states
- The accountability of international institutions
- Privileges and immunities
- Dissolution
- Succession
- Suggestions for further reading
- SOME USEFUL INTERNATIONAL LAW WEBSITES
- General sites (with links to relevant materials)
- History of international law
- Sources
- Treaties (see also Treaties)
- Cases (see also International courts and tribunals)
- Sources and evidence of custom/state practice/development of international law (see also International law and municipal law)
- Writings
- International law andmunicipal law
- National constitutions and legislation
- National cases
- Human rights (See also International humanitarian law)
- International human rights
- Regional human rights
- Territory
- Air and space law
- Law of the sea
- Treaties
- International environmental law
- International courts and tribunals (see also Human rights)
- International terrorism
- International humanitarian law
- International institutions
- General
- Specialised agencies
- Regional organisations
- International Criminal Law
- International Criminal Law
- INDEX
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