International law, Sixth edition
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International Law MALCOLM N. SHAW
Bluefin Tuna case between Australia and New Zealand on the one hand
and Japan on the other, 417 the arbitration tribunal had to consider the effect of the 1993 Convention for the Conservation of Southern Bluefin Tuna, the binding settlement procedures of which require the consent of all parties to the dispute. However, these states were also parties to the 1982 Convention, the provisions of which concerning highly migra- tory fish stocks (which included the southern bluefin tuna) referred to compulsory arbitration. 418 The parties were unable to agree within the Commission established by the 1993 Convention and the applicants in- voked the compulsory arbitration provisions of the 1982 Convention. The International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea indicated provisional measures 419 and the matter went to arbitration. Japan argued that the dis- pute was one under the 1993 Convention so that its consensual settlement procedures were applicable 420 and not the compulsory procedures under the 1982 Convention. The tribunal held that the dispute was one common to both Conventions and that there was only one dispute. Article 281(1) of the 1982 Convention provides essentially for the priority of procedures agreed to by the parties, so that the 1982 Convention’s provisions would 414 In such a case, the dispute in certain cases is to be submitted to the compulsory conciliation provisions under Annex V, section 2: see further article 297(3)(b). 415 Disputes concerning delimitation and claims to historic waters; disputes concerning mili- tary and law enforcement activities, and disputes in respect of which the Security Council is exercising its functions: see article 298(1). 416 See Annex VI, section 4. 417 119 ILR, p. 508. 418 See Part XV and Annex VII. 419 117 ILR, p. 148. The International Tribunal called for arbitration and stated that the latter tribunal would prima facie have jurisdiction. 420 See article 16 of the 1993 Convention. 638 i n t e r nat i o na l l aw only apply where no settlement had been reached using the other means agreed by the parties and the agreement between the parties does not ex- clude any further procedure. Since article 16 of the 1993 Convention fell within the category of procedures agreed by the parties and thus within article 281(1), the intent and thus the consequence of article 16 was to re- move proceedings under that provision from the reach of the compulsory procedures of the 1982 Convention. 421 Accordingly, the extent to which the compulsory procedures of the 1982 Convention apply depends on the circumstances and, in particular, the existence and nature of any other agreement between the parties relating to peaceful settlement. 422 Outside the framework of the 1982 Convention, states may adopt a vari- ety of means of resolving disputes, ranging from negotiations, inquiries, 423 conciliation 424 and arbitration 425 to submission to the International Court of Justice. 426 The International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea 427 The Tribunal was established as one of the dispute settlement mechanisms under Part XV of the Law of the Sea Convention. The Statute of the 421 See 119 ILR, pp. 549–52. 422 See also B. Oxman, ‘Complementary Agreements and Compulsory Jurisdiction’, 95 AJIL, 2001, p. 277. Note that the Arbitral Tribunal established under Annex VII of the Conven- tion in the Mox case, between Ireland and the UK, suspended hearings on 13 June 2003 due to uncertainty as to whether relevant provisions of the Convention fell within the competence of the European Community or member states: see Order No. 3 of 24 June 2003 and Order No. 4 of 14 November 2003, 126 ILR, pp. 257 ff. and 310 ff. See also the decision of the European Court of Justice of 30 May 2006, Case C-459/03, Commission v. Ireland. 423 E.g. the Red Crusader incident, 35 ILR, p. 485. See further on these mechanisms, below, chapters 18 and 19. 424 E.g. the Jan Mayen Island Continental Shelf dispute, 20 ILM, 1981, p. 797; 62 ILR, p. 108. 425 E.g. the Anglo-French Continental Shelf case, Cmnd 7438; 54 ILR, p. 6. 426 E.g. the Anglo-Norwegian Fisheries case, ICJ Reports, 1951, p. 116; 18 ILR, p. 84; the North Sea Continental Shelf cases, ICJ Reports, 1969, p. 16; 41 ILR, p. 29 and others referred to in this chapter. 427 See e.g. P. C. Rao and R. Khan, The International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea: Law and Practice, The Hague, 2001; P. C. Rao and P. Gautier, Rules of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea: A Commentary, The Hague, 2006; M. M. Marsit, Le Tribunal du Droit de la Mer, Paris, 1999; A. E. Boyle, ‘The International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea and the Settlement of Disputes’ in The Changing World of International Law in the 21st Century (eds. J. Norton, M. Andenas and M. Footer), The Hague, 1998; D. Anderson, ‘The International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea’, in Remedies in International Law (eds. M. D. Evans and S. V. Konstanidis), Oxford, 1998, p. 71; J. Collier and V. Lowe, The Settlement of Disputes in International Law, Oxford, 1999, chapter 5; Churchill and Lowe, Law of the Sea, chapter 19; Merrills, International Dispute Settlement, chapter 8; Nguyen Quoc Dinh et al., Droit International Public, p. 912, and G. Eiriksson, The International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, The Hague, 2000. See also www.itlos.org. t h e l aw o f t h e s e a 639 Tribunal 428 provides that it shall be composed of twenty-one independent members enjoying the highest reputation for fairness and integrity and of recognised competence in the field of the law of the sea, while the representation of the principal legal systems of the world and equitable geographical distribution are to be assured. 429 Judges are elected for nine- year terms by the states parties to the Convention. 430 The Statute also allows for the appointment of ad hoc judges. Article 17 provides that where the Tribunal includes a member of the nationality of one of the Download 7.77 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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