International law, Sixth edition
parties to an agreement could if they so chose dispense with the local
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International Law MALCOLM N. SHAW
parties to an agreement could if they so chose dispense with the local remedies requirement in express terms, it ‘finds itself unable to accept that an important principle of customary international law should be held to have been tacitly dispensed with’. 261 In other words, the presumption that local remedies need to be exhausted can only be rebutted by express provision to the contrary. The Chamber also dealt with a claim by the US that the doctrine did not apply to a request for a declaratory judgment finding that the treaty in question had been violated. This claim in effect was based on the view that the doctrine would not apply in cases of direct injury to a state. The Chamber felt unable to find in the case a dispute over alleged violation of the treaty resulting in direct injury to the US that was both distinct from and independent of the dispute with regard to the two US corporations. 262 It was stressed that the matter ‘which colours and pervades the US claim as a whole’ was the alleged damage to the two US corporations. 263 In the light of this stringent test, it therefore seems that in such mixed claims involving the interests both of nationals and of the state itself one must assume that the local remedies rule applies. The claim that local remedies had not in fact been exhausted in the case because the two US corporations had not raised the treaty issue before the Italian courts was rejected. It was held that it was sufficient if the essence of the claim had been brought before the competent tribunals. Accordingly, identity of claims as distinct from identity of issues is not required. The Chamber was not convinced that there clearly remained some remedy which the corporations, independently of their Italian subsidiary (ELSI), ought to have pursued and exhausted. 264 260 ICJ Reports, 1989, p. 42; 84 ILR, p. 348. 261 Ibid. 262 ICJ Reports, 1989, pp. 42–4; 84 ILR, pp. 348–50. 263 ICJ Reports, 1989, p. 43; 84 ILR, p. 349. 264 ICJ Reports, 1989, pp. 46–8; 84 ILR, pp. 352–4. See e.g. M. H. Adler, ‘The Exhaustion of the Local Remedies Rule After the International Court of Justice’s Decision in ELSI ’, 39 ICLQ, 1990, p. 641, and F. A. Mann, ‘Foreign Investment in the International Court of |
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