Introduction chapter I. The Philosophy of Existentialism in the Early Novels of Iris Murdoch

Conclusion
2019 was marked by the centenary of the outstanding English writer Iris Murdoch (1919-1999). Murdoc belongs to Peru 26 novels, many articles, philosophical treatises. As a professor of philosophy at Oxford University, the writer seems to transferred her lectures to the pages of her literary works. Murdoch's novels are an intricate weave stories of the lives of heroes with philosophical reflections on the laws of the universe, world order of life, God, man. Favorite philosopher Murdoch was Plato. The ideas of duality, goodness, the highest values that lie at the heart of Plato's world order, permeate all the work of the English writer, defining her unique philosophical style. "He consists, first of all, of the basic philosophical categories of existentialism and Platonism, which, along with the specific concept of art developed by the author, form the core of moral philosophy Murdoch".
For the first time the term moral philosophy in relation to the work of the writer was introduced by P. Conradi. Murdoch is close to Plato's rejection of "... the irrational emotional power of art, the ability to tell an attractive lies and dangerous truths”. In the same philosophical sense, the novel "Black Prince (1972). The discourse architecture of the novel allowed Murdoch to reveal the tragedy of the protagonist in different interpretations. In all images novel, phenomena, objects, details are embedded complex philosophical, psychological, moral and ethical meanings. They are not elevated by the author to the category of symbols, rather, they are a designation of chaos, being as a world. accidents, fatal hopelessness. A. Murdoch unpredictable the plot of his novel The Black Prince seems to predetermine the appearance of the Black Swan theory by Nassim Taleb (2007), in which the “black swan" means an unexpected, unpredictable event that is cool changes the life of a person, society, nature, history in general.
These points of view frame the core of the novel: the fate of the writer, preparing to create his most important, brilliant work, is invaded love that illuminated his life, gave the highest meaning to existence hero (hence the second name of the novel "Feast of Love"). But an unexpectedly simple, ordinary, smoked poker, lying by the fireplace, made a circle over the heads of the heroes, accomplished her dirty deed, and the "holiday of love" ended in defeat: Without the black and partly destructive Eros, hoverer, Bradley would never have arrived at this point. Eros is necessary to Bradley s quest. In such ways the novel refuses to be a simple and hygienic conte morale or tract. (Without the Black and often destructive Eros, this time the spirit of destruction, Bradley Pearson would never have came to its tragic end. Black Eros of Plato is needed for understanding Bradley's enigma as a person and as a writer. Thus, the novel refuses to be a simple and banal text with a moralistic meaning. - hereinafter, in the absence of reference, the translation is ours. - R. S.).
Murdoch protests against a world order in which the death of a person becomes only an occasion for sensations and advertising for a men's and women's underwear. D. Johnson notes the ruthlessness of the events described in the novel and acting as the subject of reflection: "The Black Prince" is in many ways a violent novel: it deals with sorry deeds; with a virtual rape presented as an act of passionate love, with the enactment through murder of buried jealousy and resentment in marriage ("The Black Prince" in in many respects is a violent novel: the text of the novel is filled with brutal violence and analysis of these acts that explain this cruelty; unrealized sexual fantasies; accumulated latent in marriage jealousy and resentment, as a result of which led to the murder). Therefore, the writer dreams of the world of her beloved Shakespeare, “... where all barriers are swept away by love, and absurdities are harmless and cause healthy laughter. But Murdoch ruthlessly brings us back down to earth, into a modern novel, in which, as in our real world, there is no longer any place for pastoral shepherdesses and animated statues.
Murdoch dreamed of the return of the moral principle of philosophy. “We have resigned ourselves to the liberal interpretation of personality, because it supposedly encourages a person to self-liberation. However, the emancipation became possible only at the cost of the loss of ethical foundations.
The writer overcomes this loss of the ethical foundations of society by introducing readers to Eastern wisdom. In Search of Moral Philosophy Murdoch turned to Eastern philosophical systems in order to give intentional meaning to their ideas and characters. Synthesizing the experience of the philosophical systems of Zen Buddhism and Sufism, West and East, comparing their answers to "eternal questions", she is looking for truths that are relevant to everything humanity. The discourse architecture of the novel, various assessments of the character's behavior create the effect of the multidimensionality of being, ambiguity and incomprehensibility in any one interpretation of human actions, as and any phenomenon in the world. The Sufi aspiration to reveal a particle of higher spirituality in a person is close to Murdoch as a writer. Among everyday dullness and monotony of days, lost plans and imperfect discoveries in the hero of the novel, Pearson, manifests a longing for absolute being. Including the ideas of Attar's treatise Mantik at-tayr into the context of the novel The Black Prince, Murdoch portrays Pearson's love as a kind of opportunity to go beyond the limits of the person's "I". Sufi and Zen Buddhist the concepts of love as awakening and movement towards an ideal beginning reveal the depth of the transformation of the protagonist, finding himself, perception and experience of the world as a great harmony.