Phytophthora ramorum: Educate to Detect (PRED) USDA-Forest Service USDA-Cooperative State Research Education & Extension Service IPM Regional Centers National Plant Diagnostic Network USDA-Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Introduction to PRED History of P. ramorum Symptoms and look-alikes Regulations Sample collection and handling
Status in North American forests Status in Europe
Sudden Oak Death Sudden Oak Death - Red oak group hosts and tanoak
- Stem lesions beneath the bark
- May bleed or ooze
- Can kill adult plants
Phytophthora ramorum Foliar Blight - Non-oak hosts
- Spots and blotches on leaves
- Shoot dieback
- Can kill juvenile plants, occasionally mature plants
Trace forwards = to the nurseries where stock was shipped TO Trace backs = to the nursery where stock was shipped FROM
Phytophthora ramorum national survey
True oaks (Quercus spp.) True oaks (Quercus spp.) Tanoak (Lithocarpus densiflorus) Chestnut (Castanea) [Europe only] Beech (Fagus) [Europe only]
‘Bleeding’ or oozing on the bark Not associated with cracks in bark or insect holes Usually on the lower 6 ft. of tree trunks
Pyracantha Honeysuckle Yew Douglas-fir Grand fir Coast redwood
P. ramorum symptoms on kalmia (mountain laurel)
P. ramorum symptoms on lilac
P. ramorum symptoms on conifers
Phytophthora ramorum regulations & quarantines Federal quarantines – State quarantines – - prevent movement within a state
- prevent introductions
Phytophthora ramorum domestic regulated materials Nursery stock Forest stock Wood
Phytophthora ramorum host list tanoak horse-chestnut southern red oak canyon live oak sweet chestnut northern red oak coast live oak European beech Holm oak California black oak drooping leucothoe wood rose bigleaf maple toyon madrone coffeeberry cascara Formosa firethorn California buckeye coast redwood huckleberry Western starflower grand fir poison oak California hazelnut Douglas-fir Scotch heather mountain laurel European yew witch-hazel Pieris varieties strawberry tree Victorian box European yew Pacific yew rhododendrons/azaleas false Solomon’s seal winter’s bark sweet bay laurel goat willow Andrew’s clintonia bead lily California bay laurel/pepperwood
Federal P. ramorum quarantine program goals Prevent the artificial spread of P. ramorum
Determine status of disease, nationwide Keep the regulations current with the science and risk Identify where infected items came from and went to
APHIS website: www.aphis.usda.gov/ppq/ispm/sod
Review of material just presented Goal of PRED Overview of the program What to do…
Sample referral and submission In some states, only the State or federal regulatory officials will be collecting the specimens. Contact your county extension agent or supervisor to find out who is authorized to collect suspect samples in your county.
Sample referral criteria Plants likely to be infected by Phytophthora ramorum (as indicated by the screening questionnaire): - Affected plant is on host list and purchased since 2002
- Affected plant is near a recently purchased host plant
- Symptoms are consistent with Phytophthora ramorum
Screening questions at the NCIPM website: (www.ncipm.org/sod)
Communication Submit the suspect sample to: - County Extension Specialist/Farm Advisor
- Master Gardener
- Other state designated representative
Avoid alarming behavior. Don’t jump to conclusions. - Wait for lab result
- Maintain confidentiality
If you’re asked to collect a sample Collect leaves that show various stages of symptom development. Take pictures of symptoms and environment.
Packaging a sample Place sample on a paper towel. Do not wet the towel. Double bag and seal the sample in zippable bags. If shipping, use a crush proof box with seams sealed completely with tape. Be sure to include the sample submission form required by your state.
Delivering a sample Contact the sample recipient. Samples must be fresh and in good condition. Rapid delivery is critical (no Friday shipments).
Sampling reminders The accuracy of a disease diagnosis can only be as good as the sample and information provided. Sample must be representative of symptoms and severity in the field and must contain the right material.
Sampling reminders Sanitation - disposal of material
- containment while shipping
- clean tools
Chain of custody - restrict access to sample
- make sure sample collection location is retraceable
There are three detection methods: - Antibody test (ELISA)
- Plating on selective media
- DNA (PCR)
Relatively expensive Time consuming
Where to go for more information APHIS: www.aphis.usda.gov/ppq/ispm/sod California Oak Mortality Task Force: www.suddenoakdeath.org NCIPM: www.ncipm.org/sod
Acknowledgments Authors - Jennifer Parke
- Susan Frankel
- Janice Alexander
- Carla Thomas
Questions??? We have assembled a group of experts to answer your questions: - David Rizzo, University of California, Davis
- Jonathan Jones, APHIS
- Jennifer Parke, Oregon State University
- Kerry Britton, USDA-Forest Service
- Carla Thomas, NPDN
- Susan Ratcliffe, NCIPM
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