- We are all Muslims; some have the Gospels,
- others have the Quran
- 1. Which of the following is a true statement:
- A. All Arabs are Muslims B. All Muslims are Arabs
- C. Iran is an Arab country D. None of the above
- 1. Which of the following is a true statement:
- A. All Arabs are Muslims B. All Muslims are Arabs
- C. Iran is an Arab country D. None of the above
- 2. During prayer a Muslim should face:
- A. Mecca B. Islamabad
- C. Jerusalem D. Washington, DC
- 2. During prayer a Muslim should face:
- A. Mecca B. Islamabad
- C. Jerusalem D. Washington, DC
- Introductory Remarks
- Historical overview 10 min
- Islam as a monotheistic religion 30 min
- the Quran
- God or Allah
- pillars and values
- social code and reforms
- relation with other faiths
- the Sunni and Shiha sects
- Science and civilization 10 min
- Islam today, and Arab Americans 5 min
- Suggested reading, distribution of
- educational material 5 min
- Qs & As 20 min
- Founder: Muhammad Ibn (son of) Adballah
- Born: 571 AD in Mecca, Arabia
- Descendant of Abraham
- Nicknames: Almustapha (the chosen), Alamin (the faithful)
- Titles: The prophet, the messenger (Alrasul)
- Tribe: Quraiysh
- Holy Book: The Quran, derived from ‘read’
- Quraiysh
- Qussaiy
- Abdmanaf
- Abdshams Hashem
-
- (Amneh+) Abdallah Abutalib Hamzeh Alabbas Abulahab Alhareth
-
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- Ummayah Dynasty Abbbassides Dynasty
- The Arabian Peninsula
- The source of Arabs and the Semitic race
- Mostly desert, few urbanized areas
- Urban centers, Mecca
- Mainly tribal society
- First mention of ‘Arabs’, 854 B.C.
- Arabs of the North and Arabs of the South
- Dynasties in the south
- Religions
- Christianity (inclusive), Judaism (exclusive), polytheism
- The Sassanid or Persian Empire
- The Byzantine or Eastern Roman Empire
- Christianity is the state religion, 3rd century
- A foreign occupying power
- Sectarian conflicts with the locals
- 571 Muhammad born in Mecca.
- 610 First revelation in the Harraa cave (27 Ramadan).
- 622 “Hijra”or Escape. Muhammad and followers escape prosecution
- and go to Almadinah (Yathrib).
- Year 1 in the Islamic calendar
- ‘Missionaries’ sent all over Arabia
- building peaceful coalition
- 629 Muhammad conquers Mecca peacefully (NO REVENGE)
- destroys idols in Alqaaba.
- single-handedly, brings peace to war-torn Arabia
- 632 Muhammad dies in Almadinah. Unmarked grave (his will)
- Islam by the death of Mohammed 632
- Abu-Bakr - 632-634
- The first elected official. Wise leader, crisis manager
- Omar Ibn Elkhattab - 634-644
- A first-rate statesman. Honest, modest and just.
- Conquered the Levant, Egypt, Iraq, Persia
- Damascus (9 / 635) and Jerusalem (5 / 638) surrender peacefully
- Omar’s pledge to the Jerusalemites
- A modern state: Treasury, communication, defense. Engraved currency.
- Othman bin Affan - 644-656
- Collected and compiled the Quran
- Emergence of power struggle
- Ali Bin Abitalib - 656-661
- Power struggle escalated to armed conflict
- Emergence of political parties
- End of democracy. Ummayah Dynasty in Damascus, Muawyia (661-680)
- 632-661: the Four Elected Successors (Caliphs)
- Islam at 644, the year Omar died
- The Ummayah Dynasty, 661-750
- Empire center and capital move to Damascus
- Expansion: All N. Africa (Atlantic), W. Europe, much of C. Asia, the wall of China
- 711: Conquer of Spain and Portugal. Tariq Bin Ziyad
- Expansion into W. Europe blocked in France by Charles Martial, 732
- Power Struggle continues, but the Caliphs brutally liquidate all rivals
- Addelmalek builds Al-Aqsa Mosque and the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem (691)
- Massive translation of Greek and Indian writings
- Arabization of the empire
- Bloom of architecture, arts, agriculture, and science
- 732, 100 Yrs after Mohammed
- The Abbassides Dynasty, 750-1258
- The center of the Empire moves to Iraq and Iran
- Baghdad, built 762 AD by Almansur (2nd Caliph).
- With over 2 M, Baghdad becomes the glamorous center of the world
- Science, art, architecture, learning, and wealth
- Lighted streets, public baths, public libraries and hospitals everywhere
- Other dynasties in Egypt, Spain, and parts of the Levant.
- A 2nd Ummayah dynasty in Spain, 9th century
- Qurtoba (Cordova) competes with Baghdad
- Cairo, built 968 AD
- Islam as Monotheistic Religion
- Islam:
- ”Surrender”, related to ‘salaam’, or peace.
- Abraham, father of all prophets, is the first Muslim
- Islam is also a code for social conduct
- Quran plus the authentic statements of Muhammad (Hadith) = Shareeha (constitution), as Interpreted by Islamic scholars
- Muhammad is the last prophet (33: 40).
- Gabriel highest ranking angel
- The Quran:
- Islam’s holy book, an inspired scripture. God’s word inspired to his messenger,
- 114 Chapters (chapter = Surah), 4 to >200 verses/chapter (verse = Aiyah)
- Confirms most narratives and prophets of the Jewish and Christian faiths
- Special place for Virgin Mary, the only female (the Chapter of Mary)
- Allah is the word for God used by Christian and Muslim Arabs
- God = Allah (Arabic) = Eluhim (Hebrew) = El (Aramaic)
- One and only one God, no trinity
- Arabic as the language of the Quran
- The framework for Muslim life. Essential practices
- 1. The declaration of faith:
- "There is no deity but God, and Muhammad is the messenger of God"
- 2. Prayer:
- Five obligatory prayers each day.
- A direct link between the worshiper and God.
- No hierarchical authority or priesthood
- 3. Zakat:
- Obligatory charitable giving.
- Wealth belong to God and it is held in trust by humans.
- Zakat, or, "purification" by setting aside a portion (2.5%) for the needy
- 4. Fasting:
- 5. Pilgrimage:
- A pilgrimage (Hajj) to Mecca, Arabia. Only those who can
- The 'Five Pillars' of Islam
- Jihad and the Conduct of War
- Islam is not addicted to war, and jihad is not one of its "pillars”
- Jihad in Arabic does not mean "holy war”. It means "struggle” or “strive”.
- It is the difficult effort needed to put God's will into practice at every level
- The "greater jihad” in the Quran is that of the soul, of the tongue, of the pen, of faith, of morality, etc. The "smaller jihad" is that of arms.
- Many directives in the authentic statements of Muhammad (Hadiths):
- He told his companions as they go home after a battle "We are returning from the lesser jihad [the battle] to the greater jihad, at home"
- Three levels:
- Personal: That of the soul
- Verbal: Raising one's voice in the name of Allah on behalf of justice.
- "The most excellent jihad is the speaking of truth in the face of a tyrant" (Hadith)
- Physical: Combat waged in defense against oppression and transgression.
- Profoundly misunderstood in today's world.
- Much of the Koran revealed in the context of an all-out war imposed on early
- Muslims by the powerful city of Mecca, and many passages deal with the conduct
- of armed struggle.
- While one finds "slay [enemies] wherever you find them!" (e.g., 4: 89),
- in almost every case it is followed by something like "if they let you be,
- and do not make war on you, and offer you peace, God does not allow you
- to harm them" (2:90; 4: 90; 5: 2; 8: 61; 22: 39)
- Since good and evil cannot be equal, repel thou evil with something that is
- better, and love he between whom and thy self was enmity may then become
- as though he had always been close unto thee, a true friend" (41:34)
- God does not allow harm of civilian, and requests the protection of women,
- children and the elderly during war (4:96; 9: 91; 48: 16,17)
- “If any one slew a person--unless it be for murder or for spreading mischief
- in the land--it would be as if he slew the whole people; and if anyone saved
- a life, it would be as if he saved the life of the whole people.” (5:32)
- You shall feed and protect prisoners of war, and you shall not expect a
- reward (4: 25,36; 5:24)
- Thus, the only permissible war in the Quran is one of self-defense, you
- cannot kill unarmed (civilian), and you have to protect prisoners of war
-
- Jihad and the Conduct of War
- Jihad and the Conduct of War
- Warfare is always evil. Sometimes you have to fight to avoid persecution. e.g., the one Mecca inflicted on early Muslims (2: 191; 2: 217), or to preserve decent values (4: 75; 22: 40)
- Muslims may not begin hostilities
- "Fight in the cause of Allah those who fight you, but do not transgress limits; for Allah loves not transgressors." (2: 190).
- Notice: Defensive war, fight back
- Hostilities must be brought to an end as quickly as possible, and must cease the minute the enemy sues for peace (2:192-3; 41:34)
- ‘Martyrdom’: Those killed during fighting or while doing civic duties (martyrs) are promised a place in heaven (several passages, e.g., 2:154; 3:169-172)
- However, suicide is not allowed; it is forbidden and condemned (e.g., 6:151, 17:33, 25:68)
- One of my favorite Hadiths
- 'Do not attack a temple, a church, a synagogue. Do not bring a tree or a plant down. Do not harm a horse or a camel’
- Relation with other Faiths
- Like the Torah, the Quran permits retaliation eye for eye, tooth for tooth.
- But, like the Gospels, it says “it is meritorious to forgo revenge in a spirit of charity (5: 45)
- Acknowledges Adam, Noah, Abraham, Ishmael, Isaac, Jacob, Joseph, Moses,
- David, Solomon, Zacharia, Jesus, John the paptist, and others as the “the good prophets of God”
- A special place for Jesus and Mary (e.g., 3:45,46; 4:156-158; 19:1-98)
- Accepts that Mary’s conception is from God’s soul.
- Rejects the divinity of Jesus (no trinity).
- Jesus was not killed (e.g., 4:155-159; 5:17-19)
- Islam did not impose itself by the sword.
- "There must be no coercion in matters of faith" (2: 256)
- Muslims have to respect Jews and Christians, the "People of the Book,"
- who worship the same God (e.g., 2:62; 29:46).
- "And dispute ye not with the People of the Book, except with means better,
- unless it be with those of them who inflict wrong: but say, 'We believe in
- the revelation which has come down to us and in that which came down
- to you; Our Allah and your Allah is one; and it is to Him we bow.”
- In one of his last public sermons Muhammad said
- “God tells all human beings, "O people! We have formed you into nations
- and tribes so that you may know one another" (49: 13). Do not conquer,
- convert, subjugate, revile or slaughter but to reach out toward others with
- intelligence and understanding”
- The Levant remained mainly Christian for almost 200 Yrs.
- The right of all faiths to warship was respected
- Sites of warship, holy places and shrines of all faiths were protected
- Relation with other Faiths
- Charity, Charity, Charity ….
- On top of the Zakat. Help the orphan, the poor, the ill, the lost, the homeless, the elderly
- Endless times in the Quran (16 times in Chapters 2-5 alone)
- Freedom, Integrity, Equality, Justice ….
- “An hour of justice by a ruler is better than sixty days of hard work” (Hadith)
- Endless request for justice in the Quran (e.g., 2: 282; 6; 152)
- “O mankind, We’ve created you from a male and a female and have made
- you nations and tribes that you may know and interact with each other.
- The noblest of you in the sight of God is the best in conduct” (49:13).
- No Arab is privileged over non-Arab but by his or her conduct (Hadith)
- All people are equal like the teeth of a comb (Hadith)
- “You are not considered faithful in the sight of God unless you like for
- your brother (read, others) what you like for yourself” (Hadith)
- when you are greeted with a greeting of peace, answer with an even better greeting, or at least the like thereof" (4: 86).
- Right and Status of Women
- Eliminated many pre-Islamic discriminatory practices
- Gave women rights (e.g., inheritance) and equality to men, both were made
- from a single soul (e.g., 4:1)
- Limited the number of wives a man can marry
- Treat women with kindness and respect their rights as equal to men
- The hijab or head scarf
- Modest dress apply to women and men equally (Quran and Hadith).
- Women are required to cover their bodies so that their figure is not revealed.
- Women are not required to cover their faces.
- The forbidden or ‘taboo’ (muharramat) include pork, blood, improperly butchered
- animals, baby animals, gambling, and charging interest
- Alcohol drinking was gradually disallowed
- A dedicated quest for knowledge and a burst of scientific innovation
- in a multi-ethnic and multi-faith society
- Lasted for over 8 centuries, and produced a plethora of knowledge and
- discoveries in all disciplines
- Induced the later European renaissance
- The Arabic tong, invigorated by the Quran, was the vehicle, and tolerant,
- inclusive, and knowledge-advocate Islamic faith was the culture
- Repeated requests in both the Quran and the Hadith for seeking
- knowledge, and application of rational thinking
- Seek knowledge even in China
- Seek knowledge from crib to grave
- On judgement day, the ink of scientists is valued by God higher
- than the blood of martyrs
- The two important disciplines of science are theology and Biology
- Initially, massive translation of Greek and Indian writings
- preserved all literary and scientific works and transmitted them to Europe
- Medicine and Pharmacy
- Chemistry and Physics
- Mathmatics
- Astronomy
- Institutionalized and regulated the practice of Medicine and Pharmacy
- The modern concept of clinics
- Board exams and license to practice. Regulatory boards (FDA's!!!)
- Classification of plants and Algae for their medical use, and outlined possible side effects (PDR’s!!)
- Hospitals:
- Tens, including specialized, in each of Baghdad, Qurtoba, and Damascus.
- Mobile hospitals for emergency.
- Departments and University Hospitals.
- Patients records and vital signs, urine tests, family history.
- Surgery:
- Threads from animals intestine.
- Opium and Hashish for Anesthesia.
- Alcohol as disinfectant.
- Treatment of cataract, and removal of kidney and gallbladder stones
- Autopsy !!!
- Students training (Anatomy)
- Cause of death
-
- Abu-bakr Elrazzy; 9th Century
- Father of Physicians, great clinician and experimentalist
- Many books including “Smallpox and Measles”
- Ibn-Elhaytham: 10th Century
- Multidisciplinary scientist. Ophthalmologist
- Mechanism of sight. Function of the eye
- Over 100 books in Med. and Math.
- Ibn-Seena (Avisai): 10th Century
- The “Qannun”, the medical text book in Europe till 19th Cen.
- Described the medical use of over 2700 plants
- Light has a finite speed, which is much faster than the speed of sound
- Ibn-Rushd (Aviros): 13th Century
- Philosopher and Physician. Many books
- Ibn-Elnafees:
- Blood circulation and the role of lungs
- Abulkassim Alzahrawi (Abulcasis or Albucasis): 11th Century
- One of the greatest surgeons. A good dentist and GP.
- Removal of breast cancer.
- Hemophilia and its hereditary transmission (female to male)
- Arabic terms and methods of preparation for Alkali, Alcohol, Tartarate
- Discovered and prepared in pure form 28 elements (Ibn Elhaytham)
- The processes of crystallization, fermentation, distillation, sublimation,
- Preparation of acids (H2SO4, HCl, HNO3) and bases (NaOH)
- Light travels in straight lines. Laws of refraction, reflection and illusion of light.
- Eluded to the Magnetic properties of some objects
- Arabic numeral and the decimal system of numbers.
- Right Left. English. But 1000
- Arithmetic. Roots and powers
- Algorithm = Alkhawarismi
- The mathematical ZERO
- Algebra (combining fractions).
- The Use of (x, y, z) to solve complex arithmetic/geometric problems
- Trigonometry (Albairuni and Albuzjani), differential and Integral.
- = 3.141596535898732.
- Some known Mathematicians:
- Abu-bakr Alkhawarismi
- Thabit Ibn Qarra (9th Century). Calculus.
- Ibn-elhaytham
- Albairuni (10th Century)
- Albuzjani
- Omar Elkhayam (2° & 3° equations)
- Astrology (myth) Astronomy (science)
- Movement, path, and location of planets and stars
- The Asturlab
- Earth is spherical and rotates along its axis and around the sun.
- Calculated earth circumference (Albairuni)
- Calculated the time needed for one rotation around the sun (solar year), with
- an error of 2’ 22” only (Albattani)
- Calculated the equinoxes
- Current names of most constellations, and many stars are from Arabic
- Some known astronomists:
- Alkindy (9th Century)
- Albattani (9th Century)
- Ibn-elhaytham (11th Century)
- Thabit Ibn Qarra
- Almajreeti
- Sunni
- 90% of Muslims
- Follow the Quran and the Hadeeth as we have them today,
- and as interpreted by the Sunni scholars
- Shiha
- Came to be as a sect after 680 A.D.
- Believe in the Quran and Hadeeth, like Sunni
- However, they place Ali very high as a holy figure, and think ‘main stream’
- Islam discriminated against him
- Today Shiah is mainly in Iran (90%), Iraq (55%) and Lebanon (~40%)
- Al-adhaa (the sacrifice)
- Symbolizes Abraham attempt to sacrifice his son Ishmael by God’s request.
- Should sacrifice an animal and give the food to the poor.
- The pilgrimage to Mecca
- Alfetr
- Observed at the end of the holy month of Ramadan (the fasting month)
- The Islamic New Year
- Yr 1, Islamic calendar = 622 A.D.
- Alisraa Walmaaraj
- Symbolizes the ascending, in Jerusalem, of Mohammed's soul to heaven
- The Birthday of Muhammad
- Ashuraa day (Shiha only)
- 1.3 Billion worldwide, three continents
- 0.3 Billion Arabs
- Indonesia (200 M) > India (180 M) > Pakistan (160 M) > Bangladesh (120 M) >
- China (80 M) > Egypt (70 M)
- There are about 20 M Christian Arabs
- Egypt > Syria > Lebanon > Palestine > Iraq
- About 7 M Muslims in the USA, 3-4 M are Arabs
- Roughly half of the Arab Americans are Christians
- Farouq Elbaz (Egypt), NASA, the moon mission
- Ahmed H. Zewail (Egypt) Winner of the 1999 Nobel Prize in Chemistry,
- Cal. Tech.
- Saleh Wakeel (Iraq), member of the Nat’l Acad. Sci., Biochemistry
- Qais Elawqati (Iraq), member of the Nat’l Acad. Sci., Microbiology
- Majdi Yacub, first open heart surgery
- Michael Debakee (Lebanon), chief cardiologist of the White House
- Ralph Nader (Lebanon), consumer advocate, Green Party founder,
- and 2000 presidential candidate
- John Sununu (Palestine), White House Ex-Chief of Staff
- John Sununu JR., current state governor
- Donna E. Shalala (Lebanon), Ex secretary of HHS
- Helen Thomas, Ex dean of the White House press corps.
- Edward Attiyeh (Syria), Ex governor of OR
- Spencer Abraham (Lebanon), Secretary of Energy
- George Mitchell
- Casey Kasem and Don Bustany (Lebanon) creators of radio's American
- Top 40
- Mustapha Elaqqad (Syria), Hollywood movie director
- (director of the ‘Halloween’ series)
- Tom Shadyac (Lebanon), Hollywood movie director
- Salma Hayic (Lebanon), a Hollywood star
- Yasser Seirawan (Syria), US Chess Champion
- Jacques Nasser, president and CEO of Ford Motor Co
- Ray Irani CEO of Occidental Petroleum (Exxon Mobil) Co
- The Hyatt, Hagar, and Farah enterprises
- Christina McAuliffe, an astronaut who died aboard the space shuttle
- Challenger
- Candy Lightner, founder of MADD
- “History of the Arabs”, Philip Hitti
- “The Arab People”, Albert Hourany
- “Islam, An Empire of Faith”, PBS Video, 2001
- “Islam: A Short History”, Karen Armstrong, 2000
- “Muhammad”, Karen Armstrong, 1998
- “Jihad: A Commitment to Universal Peace”, Marcel A. Boisard, American Trust
- Publications, 1988
- “The Oxford History of Islam”, John L Esposito, ed. 1999
- “Islam: The Straight Path”, John L Esposito, ed. 1998
- “The Meaning of the Holy Quran”, Abdullah Yusif, Ali, 1997
- “Lives of the Prophets”, Leila Azzam, 1995
- “From Difference to Equas”, George Kindy, and Philip Saliba, eds., NYAS, 1994
- Science in Medieval Islam, Howard R Turner, 1997
- Arab American Encyclopedia, Anan Ameri, and Dawn Ramey, eds., 2000
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