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What Are the 9 Modal Verbs?
There are nine modal verbs in English. These are:

  • May

  • Might

  • Must

  • Can

  • Could

  • Shall

  • Should

  • Will

  • Would

To this list we can add the semi-modals or modal phrases like ought tohave toneed to, and be able to.
These behave similarly to modal verbs and you can think of them as part of the same list, but they have slightly different grammatical rules.
What Are the Rules of Modal Verbs?
Modal verbs are unlike other verbs and have different grammar rules. Let’s review the special characteristics of modal verbs.
Rule 1: Modal verbs agree with any subject
Verbs are doing words—they denote an action, like reading, walking, or dancing.
Usually, when different people complete an action, the way we spell the verb for that action changes:

  • I/You/We/They dance

  • He/she/It dances

See how we added the s for he, she, and it?
Unlike normal verbs, modals never change their form (spelling) depending on who is completing the action.
Any subject (person/thing completing an action) in any sentence takes the modal verb in the same way (“I can,” “she can,” “we can,” and so on), with no need to add “s” for he, she, or it (he/she/it can).
Rule 2: Modal verbs have no infinitive form
This just means you cannot say “to may” or “to could”; these forms simply don’t exist in English.
Rule 3: Modal verbs do not have participle forms
Again, this sounds more complicated than it is. You never add endings like “-ed,” “-ing,” or similar to a modal verb—“coulded” or “shoulding” just sound weird, right?
Modals keep it simple; they will always appear exactly as written in the above list.

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