Kasbga oid matnni grammatik tahlil qilish

These measures will affect neither the country’s competitive advantage in foreign trade, nor will they restrain the domestic expenditure.
Bu chora-tadbirlar nafaqat mamlakatning tashqi savdo sohasidagi raqobatbardoshligiga ta’sir qiladi, ammo ichki harakatlarni chegaralash ham yordam bermaydi.

2. 
   Not sifatining qiyosiy darajasi, bu konstruksiya gapning boshida kelgan xollarda;
   

No langer is it a question of increasing the supply of raw materials.

2. 
   Teskari so’z tartibi emfatik konstruksiyalarda ham kuzatiladi.
   

Just as…so
Just as the balance of international payments of the US is in many respects unique, so as the measures of President has just proposed to correct the deficit of these accounts.

3. 
   Bazida birinchi o’ringa kesimning bo’lagi (o’tgan zamon sifatdagi yoki otlashgan kesim) chiqariladi.
   

Sterling developed as a reserve currency because it was managed against the background of the U.K.S early undustrial strength, allied to this was the possibility afforded to the territories of the former British Empire of raising capital in the London capital market on favorable terms.

4. 
   Predlogni gapga borinki o’ringa qo’yish ham so’z tartibining o’zgarishiga olib keladi.
   

In come the goods, out flows the money – Tavarlar mamlakatga kiradi, pul mamlakatdan chiqadi.

5. 
   Gapga birinchi o’rinba only so’zi tursa ham so’z o’zgaradi;
   

Only the could really free trade be developed – Faqat shundan keyingina haqiqatdan erkin savdo rivojlanishi mumkin.
Gapning turli xildagi qayta qurilishlar muntazam ravishda ingliz tili gap strukturasi xususiyatlarini hisobga olishni talab etadi. Masalan ingliz tilida gapda xol ko’pincha ko’chib turadi va tarjimon bundan unumli foydalanishi mumkin. Tarjimada gapni qayta tuzushga ingliz tilida majhul nisbatning keng ishlatilishi ham sabab bo’lishi ham mumkin.
Uni yaxshi inspector deb hisoblashadi – He is considered to be a good inspector.
Tarjimada majhul nisbatga mumkin, mumkinemas kerak kabi ravshli shaxssiz konstruksiyalar tarjimasida murojat etiladi.
Putting things off till tomorrow can no langer be tolerated – Muhim ishlarni ertaga qoldirish kerak emas.
Infinitive gerundiy va sifatdosh tarjimasida murakkabliklar.
Ingliz tilidan o’zbek tiliga tarjima qilishda sintaktik qiyinchiliklar asosan inliz va o’zbek tillari gramatik tuzushidagi farqlar tufayli yuzaga keladi. Ingliz tilida, o’zbek tiliga nisbatan, infintivli va sifatdoshli aborotlar ko’p qo’llaniladi, bundan tashqari o’zbek tilida mavjud bo’lmagan gerundiy oborotlar ham mavjud.
Tarjimada infinitiv va infinitivli konstruksiyalar quyidagi holatlarda qiyinchilik tug’dirishi mumkin;

1. 
   infinitiv maqsad holi vazifasida qo’llanilganda, bunda ingliz infinitivini xuddi shu shaklda tarjimada berib bo’lmaydi; u bog’lovchili maqsad ergash gapli qo’shma gap yordamida bazi holatlarda otli birikma bilan tarjima qilinadi.
   

Only by exparting their own goods can they obtain the necessary foreign exchange to pay for their imports – Faqat o’z shaxsiy talablarini eksport qilib, ular o’z importini to’lash uchun kerakli chet el valyutasini olishlari mumkin.

2. 
   Infinitivni aniqlovchi sifatida qo’llanilishi, bu hollarga o’zbek tiliga aniqlovchi ergash gap bilan tarjima qilinadi.
   

The competition to be faced …
Duch kelishi mumkin bo’lgan raqobat

3. 
   to be likely (unlikely) + infinitive konsturuksiya quyidagicha tarjima qilinadi; ehtimol,
   

Exports are likely to increase
Eksport o’sishi
Terundiy o’zbek tiliga tarjima qilinadi;

1. 
   ot bilan
   

The buyers examenid the goods carefully before concluding the contract. Xaridorlar shartnomani yakunlashdan oldin Tovar sinchiklab tekshirishdi.

2. 
   infinitive
   

the poor quality of the samples prevented the buyers from making another order – Namunalarning past sifati xaridorlarga yana bir zakas qilishdan saqlab qoldi
v) only by exporting their own goods…
Faqat o’z tovarlarini eksport qilishi bilan…
g) shaxsli shakldagi fe’l bilan.
They insisted on the question being re-considered – Ular savol qayta ko’rib chiqilishi uchun turib olishdi.
Sifatdoshni tarjima qilishda quyidagilaerni nazoratga tutish kerak bo’ladi.
a) Present participle active aniq va majhul nisbatdagi sifatdosh sifatida tarjima qilish mumkin;
2.2.Ingliz tilidan o’zbek tiliga tarjimada leksik-grammatik
muammolar
Ko’plab Grammatik muammolar aynan Grammatik bo’lmay, leksik muammolar bilan ham bog’liq. Shuning uchun ham ularni leksik Grammatik deb hisoblash o’rinliroq. Ushbu paragrifda tarjima jarayonida qiyinchilik tug’diruvchi so’z turkumlari bilan bog’liq savollar ko’rib chiqiladi.
Tarjimonlarga shuni yodda tutishi kerakki, ingliz va o’zbek tillaridan otlardagi birlik va ko’plikning qo’llanilishi har doim ham mos kelavermaydi. Ba’zi mavhum otlar ingliz tilida konkret manoda ishlatilib, sanaladigan ot bo’lib, ko’plik shaklda ishlatiladi. Masalan
A finely written novel about the lives and struggles of the people of Trinidad (D.W)
Trinidad xalqi hayoti va kurashi haqida yozilgan ajoyib roman. O’zbek tilida hayot so’zi ko’plik shaklda ishlatilmaydi.
Quyidagi misollar ham shunga o’xshash. Masalan
“Never have we tasken so many peaceful initiatives as in the past three years” Mr Gromyko said (D.W)
Bu hali hech qachon ohirgi uch yildaGI kabi ko’p marta tinchlik tashabbusi bilan chiqmaganlik dedi Tromiko.
O’zbek tilida tashabbus so’zi ko’plikda qo’llanilmaydi.
This policy of strength involves serious risks.
Bu siyosat jiddiy oqibatlarga olib keladi.
Tavakkal mavhum oti ko’plik shaklda qo’llanilmaydi, va gapning tarjimada mazmunini berish uchun oqibat so’zi ishlatilgan.
Agar fikrni to’g’ri ifodalash uchun ko’plik son zarur bo’lsa, tarjimon ko’plik sondagi qo’shimcha so’z kiritish mumkin. Masalan tarjimada industries, polices kabi ko’plik sondagi so’zlarga duch kelish mumkin.
Ba’zan ingliz tilidagi birlik sondagi ot o’zbek tiliga ko’plikda bo’lishi mumkin. Ingliz tilida eye, lip,ear, cheek, hand, foot so’zlari birlik sonda ishlatiladi.
Masalan Her cheek blanched – uning yanoqlari oqarib ketdi.
Young Jolyon’s eye twinkled (J.G)
Yosh jollonning ko’zlari charaqlab ketdi.
Your lip is trembling and what is there upon your cheek? (Ch.D)
Lablaringiz titrayapdi, yanoqlaringizdagi nima?
Ingliz tilida Every olmoshi birlik sondagi otrlar bilan ishlatiladi. O’zbek tilida esa every (hamma) olmoshi ko’plik sondagi ot bilan ishlatiladi.
Har bir tilda aniqlik va noaniqlik tushunchaski bor, ammo bu aniqlik va noaniqlik Grammatik vositalar, yordamchi so’zlar, yani artikllar bilan berilmaydi. Inliz tilida esa artikl o’z o’rniga ega. O’zbek tilida artikl tushiunchasi mavjud emas. Quyida berilgan misollarda ingliz tilidagi artiklning turlicha manolarini tarjimada berilishini ko’rish mumkin.
He had not an enemy on earth.(G.Sh) – u dunyoda birontayam dushmani yo’q edi.
Bu holatda noaniq artikl “bir” “biron” manosida kelgan.
She is a Mrs Erlynne. ( O.Wilde) – bu qandaydir leksik Erlin bu misolda noaniq artikl “allaqanday, qandaydir “ manosida kelgan.
Now that the low has been passed… the friendly recommendation of a foreign government …. can only be regarded as intefrference in the internal affairs of Persia.
Endi qonun qabul qilingach, har qanday xorijiy hukumatning do’stona tafsiyalari Eron ichki ishlariga aralashuv sifatida ko’riladi.
Bu misolda noaniq artikl any noaniq artikli manosida kelgan. Noaniq artikl atoqli otlar oldidan kelganda tarjimada berilishi lozim. Masalan:
This was a Guernica a Goventry, a Lidice. (D.W)
Bu Ternik, Kobentri, Midisning takrori edi. Yoki tarjima
Bu yangi Ternika yangi Kobentri, yangi Lids edi.
Bu misollarda noaniq artikl metonimiya sifatida berilgan.
Aniq artikl ko’rsatish olmoshi vazifasini bajarib, atoqli va turdosh otlar oldidan ishlatiladi.
There is no harmony between the two foregn powers in Persia. Eronga nisbatan ushbu ikki hukmronlik o’rtasida uyg’unlik yo’q.
Ingliz va o’zbek tillaridagi egalik, noaniq olmoshlarining qo’llanilishida o’xshashliklar mavjud. Masalan;
He has a large family; he had a large family. Uning katta bolasi bor; uning katta oilasi bor edi.
Majhul nisbatdagi gaplarda olmoshlar tarjimadfa turlari o’zgaradi.
Masalan I am told – menga aytishdi, She was expected – uni kutushgan edi.
He was sent for – unga jo’natishdi.
Misollarda ingliz tilidagi kishilik olmoshlari o’zbek tiliga tarjima qilinganda tushum kelishigidan olmosh bilan almashtirilgan.
It olmoshi tarjimada ba’zi qiyinchiliklar tug’diradi, chunki It olmoshining vazifasi turlicha “ It is known”, “It seems” “It is essential” kabi shaxssiz gaplarda “ma’lumki” “muhimi”, “ko’rinib turiobdiki” so’z birikmalari bilan tarjima qilinadi.
Ingliz tili boshqa tillardan farqli ravishda, turli kostruksiyalarga boy bo’lib, ular yordamida so’zlovchi ish-harakatga, hodisaga o’z munosabatini (ya’ni xoxish, istak, ehtimollik, noreallik tushunchalari bilan bog’liq bo’lgan) ifodalashi mumkin. Lingvistik nuqtai-nazardan noreallikni ifodalashniikki asosiy usullari mavjud: grammatik va leksik. Noreallikni ifodalashning grammatik vositalariga modal fe’llar va naklonenie kiradi. Leksik vositalarga ravish va ega qo’llanilishi kiradi. Shuni ta’kidlash lozimki, ingliz tilida shartlilikni ifodalashda nafaqat shartli tuslanish qo’llaniladi, balki keng spektrdagi turli-tuman konstruksiya ishlatiladi, ular umumiy nomga ega- noreallikni ifodalovchi shakllar (Forms Expressing Unreality). Masalan, should (1-shaxs birlik va ko’plik uchun) va would (boshqa shaxslar uchun) infinitive kelgan hollarda quyidagicha tarjima qilinadi: I should be glad if you would tell me. What progress you have made . Men xursand bo’lar edim, agar menga qanday muvaffaqiyatga erishganinnizni aytib bersangiz.
Should (1 shaxs birlik va ko’plik uchun) yoki would ( boshqa shaxslar uchun) perfekt infinitive bilan ishlatilganda quyidagicha tarjima qilinadi.
Ah, no, that would have been too careless!
Oh,yo’q, bu o’ta juda ehtiyotsizlik bo’lgan bo’lardi.
Ushbu shakl ingliz tilida noreallikni ifodalaydi, o’zbek tilida esa hech qachon sodir bo’lmaydigan ish- harakatni ifodalab, buni o’zbek tilida berishni grammatik jihatdan iloji yo’q. Should ( hamma shaxslar uchun ) infinitive bilan kelganda quyidagicha tarjima qilish mumkin.
One more question, Doctor: Would it be possible to introduce a total dose of poison into a chocolate?
Yana bir savol, Doktor : shokoladga o’lim dozasidagi zaharni solishni iloji bormi?
Would (hamma shaxslar uchun ) infinitive bilan ishlatilganda:
“Oh, I say, I wouldn’t do that if I were you,” cried Mr Parker in some concern. “O, men aytyapman, sizni o’rningizda bunday qilmagan bo’lardim” , - janob Parker tashvishlanib baqirdi.
May (might ) infinitive bilan kelganda :
I might not be a clue to Mr.Deroulard’s death, but here at least was something that was not normal.
Bu janob Doroulardning o’limiga kalit bo’lolmaydi, ammo bu yerda , hech bo’lmaganda nimadir bo’lgan.
Can, could infinitive bilan kelganda :
O, Life and Love ! O happy throng of thoughts , whose only speech is song! O heart of man! Canst thou not be Blite as the air , and as free? O , hayot! sevgi!

1 Швейцер А.Д.