Key Energiya±Buran speci®cations A. 1 Energiya rocket
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1979 the group went to the Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center to undergo OKP, with ®ve members graduating in 1980. The followingyear Mosolov also graduated from the Akhtubinsk branch of the Moscow Aviation Institute. For a number of years, Mosolov did Buran- related test ¯yinguntil he was dismissed from the cosmonaut group in 1987 because of his divorce. He returned to regular test ¯ying and left the Air Force in 1995 to work for private aviation companies. Polonskiy, Anatoliy Borisovich was born on 1 January 1956 in the village of Pogranichnik in Kazakhstan. In 1977 he graduated from the Orenburg Higher Military Aviation Pilot School and served as a pilot in units of the Baltic Fleet until 1985, when he enrolled in the test pilot school in Akhtubinsk. He graduated in 1986 and went to work as a test pilot for GKNII. In February 1988 Polonskiy was selected as one of the new GKNII cosmonaut candidates to undergo OKP training in TsPK, qualifying as a cosmonaut- tester in April 1991. However, as Buran never ¯ew in space again, Polonskiy became occupied full-time with test ¯ying Sovetskiye i rossiyskiye kosmonavty and operational ¯yingof heavy transport aircraft, becoming a squadron commander in GKNII. Amongthe planes Polonskiy ¯ew was the largest aircraft in the world, the Antonov An-225 Mriya. He lives in Chkalovskiy near Star City. 472 Appendix B: Short biographies of Buran cosmonauts
Prikhodko, Yuriy Viktorovich was born on 15 November 1953 in Dushanbe, the capital of the former Soviet republic of Tadzhikistan in Central Asia. After graduating from secondary school he worked as a laboratory assistant for a short time, before enrollingin the Kachinskoye Higher Military Aviation Pilot School in 1971, where he was a classmate of Sergey Tresvyatskiy. Upon graduation in 1975, he remained at the school as a pilot instructor until he resigned his commission from the Air Force and enrolled in the Ministry of the Aviation Industry's test pilot school in Zhukovskiy. Upon graduation in 1986 he became a Test Pilot 3rd Class and began test ¯ying dierent types of aircraft. At the same time, in the evenings, he studied at the Zhukovskiy branch of the Moscow Aviation Institute, graduating in 1989. The previous year, he had been selected to join the LII cosmonaut team and in 1989 he began OKP, passing his ®nal exam on 28 March 1991 and earning the quali®cation of cosmonaut-tester. By that time, however, it was becomingclear that Buran would probably not ¯y again. After having worked as a test pilot for twelve years, he left LII in 1998 and went to the United States, where he worked as an exchange pilot in California. His dream was to earn a green card and stay in the US, possibly even as a test pilot for NASA, but on 27 July 2001, he died from cancer, only 47 years old. He is buried in the town of Ostrovtsy, not far from Zhukovskiy. Protchenko, Sergey Filippovich was born on 3 January 1947 in the village of Senitskiy in the Bryansk Region. In 1969 he graduated from the Chernigov Higher Military Aviation Pilot School and then served as a pilot in the Air Force until 1976, when he was one of nine pilots selected to become cosmonauts for the TsPK cosmonaut detachment. Protchenko and his eight fellow pilots were sent to Akhtubinsk to be trained as test pilots at GKNII. Upon earningthe quali®cation of Test Pilot 3rd Class, Protchenko proceeded to take the OKP basic cosmonaut trainingcourse at TsPK, which he successfully concluded in 1978. He was then one of the seven group members who were sent back to Akhtubinsk for further training as test pilots. It was duringthis second course in Akhtubinsk in 1978 that Protchenko failed a medical and was dismissed from the cosmonaut team. In August 1986 he also retired from the Air Force with the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel. Appendix B: Short biographies of Buran cosmonauts 473 Puchkov, Aleksandr Sergeyevich was born on 15 October 1948 in the town of Medyn in the Kaluga Region. In 1966, Puchkov enrolled in the Kachinskoye Higher Military Aviation Pilot School in Volgograd, where three more future Buran cosmonauts, Viktor Afanasyev, Yuriy Sheer, and Aleksandr Shchukin, were his classmates. Upon graduation Puchkov and Sheer both worked as pilot instructors. In 1977, Puchkov ®nished his test pilot course at the Air Force's test pilot school in Akhtubinsk and stayed there to work as a test pilot. In 1989 he was selected to undergo OKP training in order to become a cosmonaut in GKNII's Buran cosmonaut group. Puchkov graduated in 1991, although he had continued his test pilot work duringOPK. His Buran career ended in November 1996 when the GKNII cosmonaut team was ocially disbanded. In June 1997, he retired from the Air Force and went to work for VPK MAPO, a company in which a number of design bureaus had merged to produce MiG ®ghter aircraft. Puchkov became a department head in VPK MAPO. Pushenko, Nikolay Alekseyevich was born on 10 August 1952 in the village of Povalikha in the Altay Region. He graduated from the Barnaul Higher Military Aviation Pilot School in 1974, and subsequently served in Air Force units until 1982, when he was admitted to the Air Force test pilot school in Akthubinsk. He graduated in 1983 and became a GKNII test pilot. In 1989 he was selected as one of six new Buran cosmonaut candidates for the GKNII team and from 1989 until April 1991 he underwent OKP in Star City. When it became clear that Buran would never ¯y again, Pushenko requested a transfer to the TsPK cosmonaut detachment, but, although his commander had promised him the transfer, this never took place for unknown reasons. After the GKNII cosmonaut team was disbanded in November 1996, Pushenko returned to test ¯yinguntil he retired from the Air Force in 1998. In 2000 he began working for the State Research Institute for Civil Aviation at Sheremetyevo Airport outside Moscow. 474 Appendix B: Short biographies of Buran cosmonauts Saley, Yevgeniy Vladimirovich was born on 1 January 1950 in Tavda in the Sverdlovsk Region. He studied at the Kachinskoye Higher Military Aviation Pilot School from 1967 until 1971 and after graduation worked there as an instructor. Later, he was stationed at Air Force units in Poland and Uzbekistan. In 1975 he applied for enrollment in the Gagarin Air Force Academy in Monino, but instead was oered to undergo the selection procedure to become a cosmonaut. In 1976, Saley was selected by TsPK and together with the other group members spent the next nine months in test pilot school in Akhtubinsk, graduating as a Test Pilot 3rd Class. After an additional parachute course, the group then took OKP in Star City, and upon graduating as cosmonaut-testers in September 1978, seven group members, including Saley, returned to Akhtubinsk. Saley graduated as Test Pilot 2nd Class in June 1981. After their return to Star City, they were moved over to the Soyuz±Salyut group, given the shortage of commanders for Soyuz and the delays Buran was facing. Saley trained as a back-up crew member for Soyuz T-14 in 1984±1985. He would undoubtedly have been assigned as prime crew member for a subsequent Soyuz mission, but reportedly had a falling-out with cosmonaut trainingchief Vladimir Shatalov over crew assignments, after which Shatalov immediately grounded him. He left the cosmonaut team in October 1987. He went on to become deputy director of the Chkalov Central FlyingClub in Moscow. Saley still lives in Star City. Sattarov, Nail Sharipovich was born on 23 December 1941 in the village of Kabakovo in Bashkiria. In 1967 he graduated from the OrenburgHigher Aviation Military Pilot School, and stayed on there as an instructor until he was invited to train at the Air Force test pilot school in Akhtubinsk. In 1978 Sattarov was one of the eight pilots selected by GKNII to ¯y Buran. In April 1980, before endinghis OKP training, he left the traininggroup, reportedly because he had violated safety rules by makinga roll maneuver in a Tupolev Tu-134 passenger jet. Sattarov was also grounded for a short period but eventually went back to test ¯yingin Akhtubinsk. He rose to the rank of Colonel, and in 1993 left GKNII and the Air Force, becominga test pilot for the Tupolev design bureau in Zhukovskiy. Appendix B: Short biographies of Buran cosmonauts 475
Shchukin, Aleksandr Vladimirovich was born on 19 January 1946 in Vienna, where his father was servingin the Soviet army when it was occupyingAustria after the war. In 1966 Shchukin enrolled in the Kachinskoye Higher Military Aviation Pilot School in Volgograd, where Viktor Afanasyev, Yuriy Sheer, and Aleksandr Puchkov were amonghis classmates. After graduatingin 1970 he served for ®ve years in the former German Democratic Republic. In 1975 Shchukin, then a Major, left the Air Force and enrolled in the Ministry of the Aviation Industry test pilot school in Zhukovksiy. In June 1977 he graduated as a Test Pilot 3rd Class and began working at LII in Zhukovskiy. Soon afterwards he was included in the ®rst selection group to train as cosmonauts for the Buran program. He underwent basic cosmonaut trainingat TsPK without interruptinghis test pilot work and upon graduation was awarded the title of cosmonaut-tester. During the approach and landingtest program from 1985 until 1988 Shchukin ¯ew seven times on Buran's analogBTS-002. He also served as back-up to Anatoliy Levchenko on Soyuz TM-4. On 18 August 1988 Shchukin was killed when his Sukhoy Su-26 sports plane crashed duringa test ¯ight. Sheffer, Yuriy Petrovich was born on 30 June 1947 in Chelyabinsk. He attended the Kachinskoye Higher Military Aviation Pilot School in Volgograd, where he studied in the same class as Aleksandr Shchukin, Viktor Afanasyev, and Aleksandr Puchkov, graduating in 1970. He remained as an instructor, and had another future colleague, Sergey Tresvyatskiy, as one of his students. Sheer left the Air Force in 1975 and enrolled in the civilian test pilot school of the Ministry of the Aviation Industry in Zhukovskiy. Upon graduation in 1977 he became a test pilot at the Tupolev design bureau, moving to the Flight Research Institute in 1985. In 1980 he completed a graduate degree at the Zhukovskiy branch of the Moscow Aviation Institute. Sheer was selected as a member of the LII cosmonaut team in 1985 and underwent OKP, graduating in 1987. He conducted Buran-related ¯ight testing, but in the end, no manned missions would take place. While the cosmonaut team dispersed, Yuriy Sheer remained at LII. He retired as a cosmonaut in early 2001, but became a department head while continuinghis duties as a test pilot. On 5 June 2001 he died of a heart attack while in his oce. 476 Appendix B: Short biographies of Buran cosmonauts Sokovykh, Anatoliy Mikhaylovich was born on 12 January 1944 in Skovorodino in the Amur Region. He graduated from the Kachinskoye Higher Military Aviation Pilot School in 1966, and subsequently served as a pilot in the former German Democratic Republic. In 1973 he enrolled in the Air Force's test pilot school in Akhtubinsk, graduating as a Test Pilot 3rd Class the followingyear. In 1978 he was selected as one of the pilots to form the GKNII Buran cosmonaut team. He underwent OKP in Star City in 1979 and 1980, qualifyingas cosmonaut-tester. However, he didn't get involved in any Sovetskiye i rossiyskiye kosmonavty Buran mission training. In 1985 he was involved in an accident for which he was blamed. As a consequence, he left the cosmonaut group, although he remained in Akhtubinsk, test ¯ying for GKNII, until his retirement in 1999. In 1994 he was awarded the title of Merited Test Pilot of the Russian Federation. Solovyov, Anatoliy Yakovlevich was born in Riga (Latvia) on 16 January 1948. He graduated from the Chernigov Higher Military Aviation Pilot School in 1972 and then served as a pilot in the Far East until 1976, when he was selected as a TsPK cosmonaut. He trained in Akhtubinsk to become a Test Pilot 3rd Class. After his OKP he returned to Akhtubinsk and became a Test Pilot 2nd Class. He was subsequently transferred to the space station training groups. His ®rst space¯ight came in 1988 as commander of Soyuz TM-5, a Soviet±Bulgarian visiting mission to the Mir space station. He subsequently ¯ew four more missions, all long-duration expeditions to Mir: Soyuz TM-9 (EO-6) in 1990, Soyuz TM-15 (EO-12) in 1992±1993, STS-71 (EO-19) in 1995, and Soyuz TM-26 (EO-24) in 1997±1998. For the third of these four, Solovyov and his ¯ight engineer Gennadiy Strekalov were launched on the Space Shuttle Atlantis in 1995 on its ®rst docking mission with the station under the joint Shuttle±Mir program. Solovyov was slated to ¯y the ®rst expedition mission to the International Space Station, but when it became clear to him that not he, but American astronaut Bill Shepherd would be the commander, he declined the assignment. With ®ve ¯ights as commander, a ¯ight experience of 651 days in orbit, and 16 EVAs totaling more than 82 hours under his belt, he refused to be subordinate to an American who had ¯own only three missions, none as commander, with a total of fewer than 19 days and no EVA experience at all. He reportedly was oered to become the commander of TsPK after Pyotr Klimuk's retirement but declined the oer. Solovyov has since retired from the Air Force and gone into business. Appendix B: Short biographies of Buran cosmonauts 477 Stankyavichus, Rimantas Antanas-Antano was born in Mariyampole in Lithuania on 26 July 1944. In 1966 he graduated from the Chernigov Higher Military Aviation Pilot School and then served in Soviet Air Force units in Poland, Central Asia, and Egypt, where he ¯ew 25 combat missions duringthe Six-Day Israeli±Arab war of 1967. In 1972 he was awarded the Order of the Red Star. The next year Stankyavichus left the Air Force and enrolled in the Ministry of the Aviation Industry test pilot school in Zhukovskiy, graduating in 1975. Three years later, he was selected as one of ®ve LII pilots to undergo cosmonaut training for the Buran program. Stankyavichus became one of the principal members of the LII cosmonaut team, ¯yinga total of 13 approach and landingtest ¯ights on BTS-002 between 1985 and 1988. He was also LII's prime candidate to occupy the co-pilot seat on Buran's ®rst manned orbital mission. In 1989 he was assigned to a Soyuz mission to Mir in order to prepare him for his future Buran mission, but later that year he was dropped from the crew because of changes in the Mir ¯ight schedule. Stankyavichus returned to test ¯yingand was killed on 9 September 1990 when his Sukhoy Su-27 crashed duringa demonstration ¯ight in Italy. Sultanov, Ural Nazibovich was born on 18 November 1948 in the village of Nikifarovo in Bashkiria. He attended the Kharkov Higher Military Aviation Pilot School, and after graduating in 1971 remained there as a pilot instructor. In 1983 he joined LII's cosmonaut group and undertook OKP from 1985 until 1987, when he was awarded his cosmonaut- tester certi®cate. From April until November 1988 Sultanov joined several other LII cosmonauts at Baykonur, ¯ying MiG-25 jets and Tupolev Tu-154LL ¯yinglaboratories in Buran approach and landingpro®les. When Buran made its only space¯ight, he was Magomed Tolboyev's back-up as MiG-25 chase pilot. At the same time, he continued his other test pilot duties at LII. Sultanov left LII in March 2002, becomingan Ilyushin Il-18 pilot for an aviation company named after Valentina Grizodubova, a famous female pilot in the Soviet Union. Currently, he is the deputy chief of Bashkir Airlines. 478 Appendix B: Short biographies of Buran cosmonauts
Titov, Vladimir Georgyevich was born on 1 January 1947 in Sretensk in the Chita Region. After graduating from secondary school, he enrolled in the Chernigov Higher Military Aviation Pilot School. Upon graduating he remained there as an instructor until 1974. From 1974 until his selection to the TsPK cosmonaut detachment in 1976, he served in the Seryogin Regiment, TsPK's air wing at Chkalovskiy air base near Star City. After selection in 1976 Titov and his fellow selectees were ®rst sent to the Air Force test pilot school in Akhtubinsk to become Test Pilots 3rd Class. They underwent OKP from October 1977 until September 1978. When it became clear that Buran was sueringdelays and there was a growing shortage of Soyuz commanders, some of the group were transferred to the Soyuz±Salyut program. Titov would ¯y four missions. His ®rst, on Soyuz T-8 in April 1983, had to be cut short because his ship failed to dock with Salyut-7. The next attempt almost ended in disaster in September 1983 when his launch vehicle caught ®re and exploded on the launch pad. Titov's Soyuz was pulled away to safety by the launch escape system with seconds to spare. Following this almost fatal accident, Titov and his ¯ight engineer on both occasions, Gennadiy Strekalov, were separated. They were considered an unlucky crew. Paired with a new engineer, Musa Manarov, and with LII cosmonaut Anatoliy Levchenko in the third seat, Titov ¯ew Soyuz TM-4 to the Mir station in 1987 for the ®rst mission that would spend over a year in orbit: 365 days and 22 hours. His third and fourth missions were both on the Space Shuttle. He was a mission specialist on STS-63 in 1995, the dress rehearsal rendezvous mission with Mir. The Shuttle didn't dock with the station on that occasion, but on Titov's second shuttle mission, STS-86 in 1997, Atlantis did dock. Duringthe docked phase, Titov and NASA astronaut Scott Parazynski performed a ®ve-hour EVA. Followingthe ¯ight, Titov retired from the cosmonaut detachment and the Russian Air Force to become Boeing's representative in Moscow. On his four missions, Vladimir Titov logged a total of 387 days in space. He performed four EVAs, totalinga little under 19 hours. Appendix B: Short biographies of Buran cosmonauts 479
Tokarev, Valeriy Ivanovich was born on 29 October 1952 in Kapustin Yar, where his father was servingon the missile launch base. In 1969 he ®nished secondary school in Rostov and in 1973 he graduated from the Stavropol Higher Military Aviation Pilot School, after which he began service in the Air Force. In 1981 he began studying at the Air Force's test pilot school in Akhtubinsk, graduating in 1982 and becominga test pilot at GKNII. Selected for the Buran program, Tokarev underwent OKP from 1989 until 1991, without interruptinghis test pilot work. Like Leonid Kadenyuk, Valeriy Tokarev had set his mind on ¯yingin space, if not on Buran, then on another spacecraft. When it became clear that Buran would not ¯y, he requested a transfer to the TsPK cosmonaut team. On 29 July 1997 the State Interdepartmental Commission agreed to the transfer and as early as December 1998, Tokarev was assigned as the Russian mission specialist for Space Shuttle mission STS-96. As such, he ¯ew on Discovery to the International Space Station between 27 May and 6 June 1999. From August 2001 he trained as ¯ight engineer for ISS Expedition 8, but then lost his prime crew assignment as a result of the crew reshuingthat took place after the February 2003 Columbia accident. Instead, he was reassigned as Expedition 8 back-up commander. His next assignment was as Soyuz commander and ISS ¯ight engineer for Expedition 10, but when his commander Bill McArthur was temporarily grounded for medical reasons, the crew was replaced and moved down the line. Once McArthur was returned to ¯ight status, he and Tokarev were teamed up again and assigned as back-up crew for Expedition 10. The two were eventually launched as the Expedition 12 crew from Baykonur on 30 September 2005. After a successful mission of almost 190 days, duringwhich he performed two EVAs, Tokarev and his crew landed their Soyuz safely in Kazakhstan. In late 2006, he was preparing for new ¯ight assignments. 480 Appendix B: Short biographies of Buran cosmonauts Tolboyev, Magomed Omarovich was born on 20 January 1951 in the Dagestan Soviet autonomous republic in the Caucasus. In 1969 he enrolled in the Yeysk Higher Military Aviation Pilot School, from which he graduated in 1973. After that he served in Air Force units until 1980. In 1976 he tried to get selected as a cosmonaut in the TsPK cosmonaut detachment but didn't pass the medical commission because of a spine trauma he had suffered in an accident with a Sukhoy Su-7B. He made another attempt in 1979 but again failed the medical commission, this time because of a foot injury that was the result of another ejection from a plane. In 1980 Tolboyev left the Air Force and enrolled in the Ministry of the Aviation Industry test pilot school in Zhukovskiy. Upon graduation in 1981 he began workingfor LII. In 1983 he was selected to the LII cosmonaut group for Buran, and the followingyear he graduated from the Zhukovskiy branch of the Moscow Aviation Institute. Tolboyev followed the OKP basic cosmonaut trainingcourse between 1985 and 1987, qualifyingas cosmonaut-tester. From April until November 1988 Tolboyev ¯ew Buran approach and landingpro®les on the Tupolev Tu-154LL ¯yinglaboratory and on MiG-25 jets. He acted as a chase plane pilot duringthe launch and landingof Buran on its one and only mission on 15 November 1988. His MiG-25 is the one visible in the well-known video of the orbiter's roll-out after landing. For some time he was slated to become Igor Download 0.63 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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