Key Energiya±Buran speci®cations A. 1 Energiya rocket
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covers events only until 1974. Good contemporary reports on the Energiya±Buran program can be found in the leadingUS trade magazine Aviation Week & Space Technology, in the British Interplanetary Society's Space¯ight magazine, the short-lived British space journal Space¯ight News, and Nicholas Johnson's annual Soviet Year in Space reports (published by Teledyne Brown Engineering in Colorado Springs). Unfortunately, surprisingly little was written on the program in subsequent years, exactly when most of the crucial information came out. A few exceptions are ``Russian Space Shuttle Projects 1957±1994'' by Peter Pesavento (Space¯ight, May/June/July/August 1995), ``A Cold Snow Falls: The Soviet Buran Space Shuttle'' by Stephen Garber (Quest, 5/ 2002), ``The Origins and Evolution of the Energiya Rocket Family'' (Journal of the British Interplanetary Society, July/August 2002), and ``The Soviet BOR-4 Spaceplanes and Their Legacy'' (Journal of the British Interplanetary Society, March 2007), both by Bart Hendrickx. Researchers interested in US intelligence assessments of the Energiya±Buran program can ®nd a handful of declassi®ed CIA ``National Intelligence Estimates'' 500 Appendix D: Bibliographical notes and selected bibliography of the Soviet space program on the CIA Electronic Reading Room at http:// www.foia.cia.gov and on Mark Wade's Encyclopedia Astronautica at http://www. astronautix.com/data/index.htm However, the number of declassi®ed documents is still too small to form a good picture of what was really known. Public Defense Department assessments were given in the annual Soviet Military Power reports (1983±1991), most of which are now on-line on the website of the Federation of American Scientists at http://www.fas.org/irp/dia/product/smp_index.htm Final note This book is an attempt to synthesize the wealth of information released on Energiya±Buran in the past twenty years or so, but does not claim to be a de®nitive history of the program. While Russian books and articles have provided a good technical understandingof the system, key questions remain about such things as the motives behind the decision to go ahead with Buran in the mid-1970s, eorts to collect information on the US Space Shuttle, the ®nancial aspects of the program, the payloads Buran was supposed to ¯y, and the eventual demise of the project. Acutely missingis primary source material, the holy grail of any historian. Government archives related to developments in the defense industry in the 1970s and 1980s are still classi®ed and design bureau archives remain largely o-limits to researchers as well. Unfortunately, that situation is not likely to change anytime soon in an environment where the Russian government is again increasingly clamping down on the release of sensitive information. In light of the fact that Buran was to a large extent a military program, the future may not bode well for researchers wishing to delve deeper into the project's history. SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY Extensive bibliographical references can be found at the end of each chapter. Only a selection of important works used in the book is listed here. Baturin, Y. (ed.), Mirovaya pilotiruyemaya kosmonavtika, Moscow: RTSoft, 2005. Bruk, A., Udalov, K., Smirnov, S. et al., Illyustrirovannaya entsiklopediya samolyotov EMZ im. V.M. Myasishcheva (tom 3, chast 1), Moscow: Aviko Press, 1999. Bruk, A., Udalov, K., Smirnov, S., Brezginova, N. et al., Illyustrirovannaya entsiklopediya samolyotov OKB V.M. Myasishcheva (tom 2, chast 1), Moscow: Aviko Press, 2001. Favorskiy, V., Meshcheryakov, I., Voyenno-kosmicheskiye sily, kniga 1, Moscow: Izdatelstvo Sankt-Peterburgskoy tipogra®i, 1997. Favorskiy, V., Meshcheryakov, I., Voyenno-kosmicheskiye sily, kniga 2, Moscow: Izdatelstvo Sankt-Peterburgskoy tipogra®i, 1998. Filin, V., Put k Energii, Moscow: Logos, 2001. Gladkiy, V., ``How the Energiya±Buran project was born'' (in Russian), Aviatsiya i kosmo- navtika, 1/2002. Gubanov, B., Triumf i tragediya Energii (tom 3: Energiya-Buran), Nizhniy Novgorod: Izdatelstvo Nizhegorodskogo instituta ekonomicheskogo razvitiya, 1998. Appendix D: Bibliographical notes and selected bibliography 501
Gubanov, B., Triumf i tragediya Energii (tom 4: Polyot v nebytiye), Nizhniy Novgorod: Izdatelstvo Nizhegorodskogo instituta ekonomicheskogo razvitiya, 1999. Jenkins, D., The History of the National Space Transportation System, Hinckley: Midland Publishing, 2001. Katorgin, B. (ed.), NPO Energomash imeni akademika V.P. Glushko. Put v raketnoy tekhnike, Moscow: Mashinostroyeniye/Polyot, 2004. KB Khimavtomatiki, stranitsy istorii, tom 1, Voronezh: KBKhA, 1995. Konyukhov, S. (ed.), Prizvany vremenem: rakety i kosmicheskiye apparaty konstruktorskogo byuro Yuzhnoye, Dnepropetrovsk: Art Press, 2004. Kuznetsov, A., Mnogorazovaya kosmicheskaya sistema Energiya-Buran, Moscow: OmV-Luch, 2004. Lantratov, K., ``The `Star Wars' which never happened'' (in Russian), detailed history of Skif/ Polyus, published on-line at http://www.buran.ru/htm/str163.htm, translated into English in Quest magazine, 1/2007, 2/2007. Lozino-Lozinskiy, G., Bratukhin, A. (ed.), Aviatsionno-kosmicheskiye sistemy, Moscow: Izdatelstvo MAI, 1997. Lukashevich, V., www.buran.ru website and accompanyingCD-ROMs. Lukashevich, V., Trufakin, V., Mikoyan, S., ``The aerospace system Spiral''/``Spaceplanes of the Spiral System''/``Spiral in national cosmonautics'' (in Russian), Aerokosmicheskoye obozreniye, 3/2005, 4/2005, 5/2005, 6/2005, 1/2006, 2/2006. Lukashevich, V., Trufakin, V., Mikoyan, S., ``The aerospace system Spiral,'' Aviatsiya i kosmonavtika, 10/2006, 11/2006, 12/2006, 1/2007, 2/2007. Lukashevich, V., ``The OK-92 that became Buran'' (in Russian), Novosti kosmonavtiki, 3/2006, 4/2006.
Lukashevich, V., ``A Soviet copy of the Shuttle: The orbital ship OS-120'' (in Russian), Novosti kosmonavtiki, 8/2006. Marinin, I., Shamsutdinov, S., Glushko, A., Sovetskiye i rossiyskiye kosmonavty 1960±2000, Moscow: Novosti kosmonavtiki, 2001. Semyonov, Y. et al., Mnogorazovyy orbitalnyy korabl Buran, Moscow: Mashinostroyeniye, 1995.
Semyonov, Y. (ed.), Raketno-kosmicheskaya korporatsiya Energiya imeni S.P. Korolyova 1946±1996, Moscow: RKK Energiya, 1996. Siddiqi, A., Challenge to Apollo, Washington, D.C.: NASA, 2000. Tro®mov, V., Osushchestvleniye mechty, Moscow: Mashinostroyeniye/Polyot, 2001. Yefremov, G. (ed.), 60 let samootverzhennogo truda vo imya mira, Moscow: Oruzhiye i tekhnologii, 2004. Yeftivyev, M., Ognyonnye krylya: istoriya sozdaniya reaktivnoy aviatsii SSSR (1930±1946), Moscow: Veche, 2005. 502 Appendix D: Bibliographical notes and selected bibliography
Index 1K, orbiter Demonstrated at Paris Air Show 181
À 182
Destroyed in roof collapse 388 Fate 386
À 388
Post À ¯ight condition 357 1K1, mission Communications network 347 À 349, 353
Decision to ¯y unmanned 325 À 327 Launch 349 À 352 Launch preparations 331 À 337 Launch scrub 339 À 344 Orbital operations 352 À 354 Post-¯ight reactions 358 À 360 Re-entry and landing354 À 356 Soviet media coverage 337 À 339, 341, 351, 356 Upstaging STS À 26 327, 332, 339 Vehicle con®guration 327 À 329 Weather conditions 344 À 347 1K11K25, designator 85 1K2, mission 233, 375 À 376
1K3 À 1K7, missions 376 2K, orbiter Arrival at Baykonur 178 À 179
Fate 389 À 390, 423 Name 87 Roll-out to pad 370 À 371, 390
2K1, mission 142, 246 À 249, 364, 370, 372, 375, 389 À 390 2K2, mission 375 2K3, mission 376 2K4 À
3K, orbiter 390 À 391 3M-T, see VM-T 4K, orbiter 390 5K, orbiter 390 10R/20R, upper stages 396 11D54, rocket engine 66, 256 11D56, rocket engine 66 À 67, 256
À 257,
393 11D56M, rocket engine 393 À 394
11D57, rocket engine 66, 256 À 257 11D57M, rocket engine 400, 434 11D58, rocket engine 127 11D58M, rocket engine 282, 403, 410 11D58MF, rocket engine 403 11D120, see RD-116 11D122, see RD-0120 11D521, see RD-170 11F35, see Buran orbiter 11F36, designator 85 À 86 11F45, see space tug 11K25, see Energiya rocket 11K37, rockets 69 À 70, 393, 401, 403, 410 À 411, 419 11K55, rocket 69, 410 11K66, rocket 68 11K77, see Zenit rocket 11S25, see Energiya strap-on boosters 14A02, Energiya con®guration 276 14A10, Energiya con®guration 397 14D20, see RD-172 rocket engine 14F33, see LO Buran payload 14S40, see Smerch upper stage 14S70, see Energiya Cargo Transport Container 15A18, missile 103 15A35, missile 103 15D619, rocket engine 75 17D11, see Buran propulsion system 17D12, engine 127 17D15, thruster 128 17D16, vernier 129 À 130 17F19, see Skif 17F32, see NPG payload 17F111, see Kaskad 21KS, see Buran spacewalks 37KB, modules 125, 246, 328 À 329, 363, 375 À 377 105.11, Spiral test bed 36 À 37, 108, 313 105.12, Spiral test bed 37 105.13, Spiral test bed 37 130, see DP 136, see Zvezda spaceplane 137, see Sputnik spaceplane 139, rocket plane 27 204GK, upper stage 396, 403 212, cruise missile 4 218, see 318 rocket plane 302, rocket plane 7 À 9
305-2, orbiter concept 78 318, rocket plane 4 346, rocket plane 11 486, rocket plane 11 4302, rocket plane 10 Academy of Sciences 48, 56, 58, 162, 210, 222, 371 À 372, 374 ACTS (Advanced Crew Transportation System) 446 Afanasyev, Sergey 35, 47 À 48, 51, 66, 160, 262, 264 Afanasyev, Viktor 218 À 219, 243, 465 Agnew, Spiro 44 Air Force (Soviet) 18, 48, 162, 325, 447, 450 Cosmonauts, see GKNII/TsPK cosmonaut teams Role in Buran crewingdecisions 230, 232 À
Role in Spiral 30 À 31, 34 À 35 Ajax, spaceplane 453 À 454
Akin, Efraim 53 Albatros, maneuverable warheads 456 Albatros, spaceplane 313 Aleksandrov, Aleksandr 235, 242 Aleksandrov, Anatoliy 162 Alekseyev, Eduard 162 Almaz, military space station 30, 46, 130, 221, 273, 314, 433 Altair, see Luch An-22, see Antey An-26, aircraft 350 An-124, see Ruslan An-225, see Mriya Andropov, Yuriy 58 Andryushchenko, A. 103, 340 Angara, rocket family 69, 403, 405, 415 À
À 445, 454
Anokhin, Sergey 8 Antey, aircraft 76 À 77, 173, 298 antipodal bomber (German) 13 antipodal bomber (Soviet) 13 À 14
À 142, 224, 246, 249, 379 À 381 Ariane À 5, rocket 403, 442 Artsebarskiy, Anatoliy 218 À 219, 390, 466 Arutyunov, Suren 168 ASSET, test program 315 Atkov, Oleg236, 239 Atlant, see VM-T Atlas III/V, rockets 411 À 415 Aviation Week and Space Technology, journal 314, 321, 323, 359 À 360
Avrora, rocket 424, 444 Ayzenberg, Yakov 103 504 Index
B-25, aircraft 8 Bachurin, Ivan 215, 218 À 220, 232, 247, 249, 303 À 308, 466 Bakhchivandzhi, Grigoriy 7 Baklanov, Oleg159 À 160, 234, 264, 271, 273, 331, 340, 367, 370 Balabuyev, Pyotr 180 Balandin, Aleksandr 221, 232 À 233, 243 Barmin, Vladimir 52, 163, 192, 267, 271, 340, 343
Bartini, Roberto 8 À 9 Bashilov, Aleksandr 166 Baykal, ¯yback booster 405, 415, 417 À
Baykal, orbiter name 86 À 87, 331 Baykonur, cosmodrome Bayterek, launch pad 420, 425 Crawler transporters 200, 425 Energiya
À Buran launch pads 149, 190 À
À 331, 335
À 337,
370 À 371, 403, 424 Krainiy air®eld 197, 425 Landingcomplex 134 À 137, 197
À 199,
348, 425 MIK OK, building184 À 185, 329, 331 À 333, 357, 363, 386 À 387, 390, 423 MIK RN, building186, 188 À 189, 333, 335, 363, 388 À 389, 390, 421 À 422,
425 MZK, building186 À 187, 276, 330 À 331,
335, 356 À 357, 389 À 391, 423
Navigation support systems 134 À 137 Orbiter test ®ringstand 185 À 186, 283, 332 À 333 PKU-50, mate À demate device 175, 198 PUA-100, mate À demate device 198 À 199, 391 SDI, Dynamic Test Stand 187, 190 À 191, 266, 390, 403, 423 Seen by US spy satellites 318 À 321
Status after USSR collapse 403, 409, 415, 421
À 425
UKSS, test stand/launch pad 187, 190, 195
À 197, 256, 259, 266 À 272,
276 À 282, 318, 330 À 331, 400, 402 À
À 425
Visit by Gorbachov 276, 278 À 279 Zenit launch pads 407 Bayterek, see Baykonur BDP, see 37KB modules Belokopytov, Nikolay 250 Belotserkovskiy, Sergey 37, 40 Belousov, Igor 160 Belyakov, Rostislav 50 Benson, Jim 295 Bereznyak, Aleksandr 6 Berezovoy, Anatoliy 34 Beriyev, Georgiy 15 BI, rocket plane 6 À 9
Biryukov, Vladimir 211 Bisnovat, Matus 8, 11 À 12, 166
Bison-A, see VM-T Bizan, spaceplane 434 À 435
Bizan, unmanned air-launch system 434
À 435
Blagov, Viktor 239 Blok-A, see Energiya strap-on boosters Blok-D(M), upper stage 85, 101, 127, 282, 364, 367, 393, 394, 396, 397, 403, 407, 409, 410, 417, 423 Blokhin, Yuriy 32, 77, 78 Blok-L, upper stage 85, 101 Blok-Ts, see Energiya core stage Blok-Ya, launch table adapter 172, 186, 282, 337, 388 Bogdanovskiy, Stanislav 170 Bogodyazh, Stepan 337 Bolkhovitinov, Viktor 6 Bondaryuk, Mikhail 17 BOR-1/2/3, spaceplanes 36, 288, 313 BOR-4 , spaceplane 37, 434, 435 Derived US spaceplanes 294 À 295 Description 288 À 289 Missions 289 À 293 ``Star Wars'' applications 294, 317 À 318, 382 Western interpretation 314 À 318
BOR-5, spaceplane 288, 295 À 297 BOR-6, spaceplane 294 Index 505 Borisenko, Aleksey 165 Boroday, Aleksey 215, 218 À 220, 232, 247 À 249, 303 À 308, 467
Brendt, Irene 13 Brezhnev, Leonid 30, 55, 433 BTS-002, Buran analog78, 105, 107, 150, 161, 167, 213, 231 À 233, 283, 327 Canceled ¯ights 308 Description 297 À 300
Fate 385 À 386 Flights 300 À 309 Seen by US spy satellites 321, 323 Trainingfor missions 222 À 223, 228, 300 Buran, cruise missile 15 À 17, 86, 166 Buran, orbiter Abort scenarios 148 À 155
Airframe 104 À 106 Approach and landingtests, see BTS
À 002
Auxiliary Power Units 108 À 109, 168, 185, 283 Avionics 131 À 137
Back-up landingfacilities 200 À 201 Canceled missions 246 À 249, 375 À 385
Cancellation of program 370 À 373 Computers 132 Communication systems 137 À 139
Costs of program 373 Crew module 116 À 120
Crew module test articles 228, 286 À 287 Crewing230 À 234, 363 Criticism of program 368 À 370 Derived ``combat modules'' 382 DockingModule 141 À 142, 221, 224, 226, 379 À 381 Dragchutes 107 Early concepts, see MKTVP, OS-120, OK-92 First ¯ight, see 1K1 mission First roll-outs 330 À 331 Flight manifests 270, 324 À 325, 363 À 364,
375 À 376 Flight vehicles, see 1K, 2K, 3K, 4K, 5K Full-scale test articles 283 À 286, 391
À 392
see also BTS-002, OK-M, OK-ML1, OK-MT, OK-TVA, OK-TVI Horizontal Flight Tests, see BTS À 002 Hydraulic systems 107 À 109 Key speci®cations 463 Landinggear 106 Landingpro®le 146 À 148, 326 Launch pro®le 144 À 145 Life support/environmental control 120
À 123
Manufacturing164 À 168 Mechanical arm 76, 139 À 141 Military applications 375, 381 À 383 Name leaked to the West 323 Names of the orbiters 87 Number of orbiters 364, 390 À 391 Navigation systems 133 À 137, 147 À 148,
199 Objectives of program 61, 84, 323 À 324,
373 À 375 Payload bay doors 105, 123 Payload deployment and retrieval 139 À
Payloads 328 À 329, 373 À 385
Power supply 123 À 125 Pressurization and ventilation 113 À 116 Processing184 À 185 Propulsion system 125 À 131, 185 À 186,
282 À 283, 333 À 334
Role in space station operations 377
À 379
Second ¯ight, see 2K1 mission Seen by US spy satellites 318 À 323
Simulators 222 À 228 Spacewalks 121 À 122, 141 À 144
Spin-os 373 Standard missions 145 À 146
Thermal control 122 À 123 Thermal protection 109 À 113, 142, 287 À 293, 345 À 346, 357
Trainingaircraft 228 À 230 Transportation 168 À 169, 172 À 182,
199 À 200 Turbojet engines 75 À 78, 299, 327 À 328
Buran-2, see 2K orbiter Buran-68 40 Buran Space Corporation 385 À 386 506 Index Buran-T, Energiya con®guration 86, 279, 393
À 394, 399, 403 Burdakov, Valeriy 50, 52, 57, 75 Burevestnik, cruise missile 15 À 17
À 17, 87
Burya, rumored orbiter name 87 Bushuyev, Konstantin 51, 71 Bykovskiy, Valeriy 37 Chelomey design bureau, see OKB À 52,
TsKBM, NPO Mashinostroyeniya Chelomey, Vladimir 28 À 30, 46, 48, 50, 62, 64, 431 À 433 Chemical Automatics Design Bureau, see KBKhA
Chertok, Boris 71, 373 Chirkin, Viktor 215, 217, 467 Chizhov, Anatoliy 172 ChreÂtien, Jean-Loup 222, 357 CIA/DoD knowledge of Soviet shuttle 287, 312
À 324, 500
À 501
Constellation-XXI, space tourism project 457
À 458
Cosmonauts GKNII selections 215 À 220
LII selections 207 À 215 Spaceplane thesis projects 37 À 40 Spiral selections 34 Training222 À 230
TsPK selections 204 À 207 Council of Chief Designers 78, 81, 163, 233
À 234, 308, 364, 372, 377, 402 Cruise missile projects 14 À 17 C-XXI, suborbital rocket plane 457 À 458 D-1A-1100, rocket engine 6, 8 D-30KP, see Buran turbojet engines Download 0.63 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: 
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