Kimyoning asosiy tushuncha va qonunlari. I. Kimyoning asosiy tushunchalari. Atom


I.7. Kimyoviy tenglamalar va ularga koeffissiyentlar tanlash


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Kimyoning asosiy tushuncha va qonunlari. I. Kimyoning asosiy tus

I.7. Kimyoviy tenglamalar va ularga koeffissiyentlar tanlash.

Na+O2→ Na2O K+O2→K2O


C+O2→CO Cu+O2→ CuO
Al+O2→Al2O3 P+O2→P2O3
P+O2→P2O5 NH3 + O2 → NO +H2O
CH4 +O2 → CO2 + H2O PH3 +O2 → P2O5 + H2O
SiH4 + O2 → SiO2 + H2O CrO+O2→ Cr2O3
SO2+O2→ SO3 Fe(OH)3→ Fe2O3 + H2O
Cr(OH)3→ Cr2O3 + H2O H3AlO3 Al2O3 + H2O
H3CrO3→ Cr2O3 + H2O P2O5 + H2O → H3PO4
Cl2O + H2O → HClO Cl2O3 + H2O → HClO2
Cl2O5 + H2O → HClO3 Cl2O7 + H2O → HClO4
Cl2O7 + NaOH → NaClO4+ H2O SO3 + NaOH → Na2SO4 + H2O
N2O5 + NaOH → NaNO3+ H2O P2O5 + Ca(OH)2 → Ca3(PO4)2 + H2O
Na2O+H2O→ NaOH K2O+ H2O→ KOH
Na2O+HCl→ NaCl + H2O CaO+ HCl → CaCl2 + H2O
Na2O+H2SO4→ Na2SO4 + H2O Na2O+HNO3→ NaNO3 + H2O
CaO+ HNO3 → Ca(NO3)2 + H2O Na2O+P2O5→ Na3PO4
CaO+ P2O5→ Ca3(PO4)2 Al2O3 +HCl → AlCl3 + H2O
Al2O3 + H2SO4 → Al2(SO4)3 + H2O Na + H2O → NaOH +H2
HCl + Na2S → NaCl + H2S K + H2O → KOH +H2
Mg + H2O → Mg(OH)2 +H2 Ca + H2O → Ca(OH)2 +H2
Na2O + H2O → NaOH MgH2 + H2O → Mg(OH)2 +H2
CaH2 + H2O → Ca(OH)2 +H2 CuSO4 + KOH → Cu(OH)2+ K2SO4
MnCl2 + KOH → Mn(OH)2 +KCl Fe(NO3)2 + KOH → Fe(OH)2 + KNO3
CrBr2 + KOH → Cr(OH)2 + KBr Al(NO3) + KOH → Al(OH)3 + KNO3
Ba(OH)2 +HCl → BaCl2 + H2O N2O5 + H2O → HNO3
SO2 + KOH → K2SO3 + H2O CO2 + KOH → K2CO3 + H2O
P2O5 + KOH → K3PO4 + H2O Cl2O + KOH → KClO + H2O
Cl2O3 + KOH → KClO2 + H2O Cl2O5 + NaOH → NaClO3+ H2O
H2 + Cl2 → HCl NaCl + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 +HCl
FeCl2 + H2SO4 → FeSO4 + HCl Al2S3 + H2SO4 → Al2(SO4)3 +H2S
FeS + HCl → FeCl2 + H2S Na2S + HCl → NaCl + H2S
Al2S3 + HCl → AlCl3 + H2S Na2SiO3 + HCl → NaCl + H2SiO3
Al + HCl → ACl3 + H2 Cu(OH)2 + HCl → CuCl2 + H2O
Cr(OH)2 + HCl → CrCl2 + H2O Fe(OH)3 + HCl → FeCl3 + H2O
Cr(OH)3 + HCl → CrCl3 + H2O Cu(OH)2 + H2SO4 → CuSO4 + H2O
Fe(OH)3 + H2SO4 → Fe2(SO4)3 + H2O Cu(OH)2 + HNO3 → Cu(NO3)2 + H2O
Fe(OH)3 + HNO3 → Fe(NO3)3 + H2O H2SO4 + Ba(NO3)2 → BaSO4 + HNO3
H3PO4 + CaCl2 → Ca3(PO4)2 + HCl HCl + Na2CO3 → NaCl +H2O + CO2


I. 8. Kimyoviy reaksiyalarlarning turlari

  1. Birikish reaksiyalari

Oddiy moddalarning o’zaro birikishi
Na2O, CaS, CO, Na2S, CO2, CuCl2, P2O3, ZnCl2, SO2, CaCl2, CaO, NH3, HCl, HJ, HBr, H2S, HF, SiO2, MgO, SnCl2, P2O5, AlCl3, Al2O3, CuO, FeCl3, K2O, NaCl, CuS, Cr2S3;



Na + O2 → Na2O K + O2
CII + O2 → CuII + O2
CIV + O2 → Al + O2
PIII + O2 → PV + O2
SIV + O2 → Mg + O2
Ca + O2 → SiIV + O2
H2+Cl2→ H2+S→
H2+Br2→ H2+I2
H2+F2→ H2+N2
SnII+Cl2→ Ca+Cl2
Al+Cl2→ Zn+Cl2
FeIII+Cl2→ CuII+Cl2
Na+Cl2→ Na+S→
CrIII+S→ Ca+S→
Cu+S→

Asosli oksidlarga suvning ta’siri


NaOH, Ba(OH)2, RbOH, Mg(OH)2, Ca(OH)2, KOH;

Na2O + H2O → NaOH K2O + H2O →
Rb2O + H2O → MgO + H2O →
CaO + H2O →
BaO + H2O →

Kislotali oksidlarga suvning ta’siri
H3BO3, HBrO4, HNO2, HBrO3, N2O5, H3AsO4, H3PO4, HClO3, H2SO4, HClO, HClO2, H2SO3, HClO4, H3PO3, HBrO, HNO2+HNO3, HBrO3, H2CO3;

B2O3 + H2O → H3BO3 CO2+ H2O →
N2O3+ H2O → NO2 + H2O →
N2O5 + H2O → P2O3 + H2O →
P2O5 + H2O → SO2 + H2O →
SO3 + H2O → Cl2O + H2O →
Cl2O3 + H2O → Cl2O5 + H2O →
Cl2O7 + H2O → As2O3 + H2O →
Br2O + H2O → Br2O3 + H2O →
Br2O5 + H2O → Br2O7 + H2O →

Asosli oksidlarga kislotali oksidlarning ta’siri


Na3BO3, K3PO4, NaNO2, NaNO3, Ba3(PO3)2, CaCO3, CaSO3, Mg(BrO4)2, NaClO, NaBrO3, KClO3, KBrO, Ca3(AsO4)2, Mg(ClO4)2, Ba(BrO2)2, RbClO2, Na2SO4;
B2O3 + Na2O → Na3BO3 CO2+ CaO → N2O3+ K2O → P2O3 + BaO → P2O5 + K2O → SO2 + CaO → SO3 + Na2O → Cl2O + Na2O → Cl2O3 + Rb2O → Cl2O5 + K2O → Cl2O7 + MgO → As2O3 + CaO → Br2O + K2O → Br2O3 + BaO → Br2O5 + Na2O → Br2O7 + MgO →
N2O5 + Na2O →

  1. O’rin olish reaksiyalari

Metal oksidlariga vodorodning ta’siri

FeO+H2→ Fe +H2O; CuO+H2
Fe2O3+H2→ CrO+H2
Cr2O3+H2→ ZnO+H2
SnO+H2→ WO3+H2

Metal oksidlariga is gazining ta’siri

FeO+CO→ Fe +CO2; CuO+CO→
Fe2O3+CO→ CrO+CO→
Cr2O3+CO→ ZnO+CO→
SnO+CO→ WO3+CO→

Metallarga kislotalarning ta’sri

Na+HCl→ NaCl +H2; Ca+HCl→
K+HCl→ Zn+HCl→
Fe+HCl→ Na+H2SO4
Ca+H2SO4→ K+H2SO4
Zn+H2SO4→ Fe+H2SO4
Na+H2SO3→ Ca+H2SO3
K+H2SO3→ Zn+H2SO3
Fe+H2SO3

  1. Parchalanish reaksiyalari

Tuzlarning parchalanishi

NaHCO3→ Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O
KHCO3
CaCO3→ CaO + CO2
MgCO3
AgNO3→ Ag + NO2 + O2
Hg(NO3)2
Cu(NO3)2→ CuO + NO2 + O2
Mg(NO3)2
NaNO3→ NaNO2 + O2
KNO3
CaSO3→CaO + SO2
BaSO3
BeSO3
Na2SO3

Asoslarning parchalanishi
Fe2O3, Al2O3, FeO, ZnO, CuO,
MnO, Cr2O3, CrO;

Fe(OH)3→ Fe2O3 + H2O
Fe(OH)2→ … + H2O;
Cu(OH)2→ … + H2O
Cr(OH)3→ … + H2O;
Cr(OH)2→ … + H2O
Mn(OH)2→ …+ H2O;
Zn(OH)2→ … + H2O
Al(OH)3

Kislotalarning parchalanishi
SO2, Cr2O3, SiO2, ZnO, CO2, Al2O3; H2SO3→ SO2 + H2O;
H2SiO3→…+ H2O
H2CO3→…+ H2O;
H3AlO3 …+ H2O
H2ZnO2→…+ H2O;
H3CrO3→…+ H2O

  1. Almashinish reaksiyalari

Asoslar va kislotalarning o’zaro ta’siri

NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2O
KOH+HCl→
Ba(OH)2+HCl→
Mg(OH)2+HCl→
Ca(OH)2+HCl→
Al(OH)3+HCl→
Cu(OH)2+HCl→
Fe(OH)3+HCl→
Fe(OH)2+HCl→
NaOH+H2SO4→ Na2SO4 + H2O
KOH+H2SO4→ Ba(OH)2+H2SO4
Mg(OH)2+H2SO4→ Ca(OH)2+H2SO4
Al(OH)3+H2SO4→ Cu(OH)2+H2SO4
Fe(OH)3+H2SO4→ Fe(OH)2+H2SO4
Zn(OH)2+H2SO4
NaOH+HNO3→ NaNO3 + H2O
KOH +HNO3→ Ba(OH)2+HNO3
Mg(OH)2+HNO3→ Ca(OH)2+HNO3
Al(OH)3+HNO3→ Cu(OH)2+HNO3
Fe(OH)3+HNO3→ Fe(OH)2+HNO3
Zn(OH)2+HNO3

Tuzlarga kislotalarning ta’siri

Na2CO3+HCl→ NaCl + CO2 + H2O
NaHCO3+HCl→
K2CO3+HCl→
KHCO3+HCl→
CaCO3+HCl→
Ca(HCO3)2+HCl→
MgCO3+HCl→
Mg(HCO3)2+HCl→
Na2CO3+H2SO4→Na2SO4 + H2O
NaHCO3+H2SO4→ K2CO3+H2SO4
KHCO3+H2SO4
CaCO3+H2SO4
MgCO3+H2SO4→ Mg(HCO3)2+H2SO4

Tuzlarga asoslarning ta’siri

CuSO4+KOH→ K2SO4 + Cu(OH)2
FeCl3+KOH→ Zn(NO3)2+KOH→
Fe2(SO4)3+KOH→
CrCl2+KOH→
CrCl3+KOH→ Al(NO3)3+KOH→
MnSO4+KOH→
CuSO4+NaOH→
FeCl3+NaOH→ Zn(NO3)2+NaOH→
Fe2(SO4)3+NaOH→
CrCl2+NaOH→
CrCl3+NaOH→ Al(NO3)3+NaOH→
MnSO4+NaOH→

Tuzlarning o’zaro ta’siri

NaCl + AgNO3 → NaNO3 + AgCl
KCl+AgNO3
BaCl2+AgNO3
Na2SO4+BaCl2
K2SO4+Ba(NO3)2
Na2S+CuSO4
K2S+Zn(NO3)2

Tuzlarning gidrolizi(suv bilan ta’siri)

Al2S3+H2O→Al(OH)3 + H2S
AlN+H2O→
CH3COONH4+H2O→
CaC2+H2O→
Al4C3+H2O→
Cr2S3+H2O→




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