Clause types
257
These three possible treatments of ditransitive clauses (the two in (98) plus the
possibility illustrated in (99) for Mising) interact with the contrast of accusative
and ergative systems to define six possible systems. The three types just dis-
cussed illustrate the three possible types in an accusative system (where Su
stands for ‘subject’, Ob stands for ‘object’, PO stands for ‘primary object’, and
SO stands for ‘secondary object’).
(100)
Accusative languages:
S
A
A
R
Su
a.
DO
IO
S
A
A
R
Su
SO
PO
Su
Ob
S
A
A
R
T
P
T
P
T
P
b.
c.
Since the languages used to illustrate the three treatments of objects (Latin,
Kunama, Yoruba, and Mising) are all accusative, they also illustrate each of
the three patterns in (100), namely (100a) for Latin, (100b) for Kunama and
Yoruba, and (100c) for Mising.
There are three analogous possible types of ergative languages: absolutives
involve the combination of S and P, but there are three possible ways, analogous
to the three types in (100), in which an absolutive category in a language can
treat the T and the R. These are given in (101).
(101)
Ergative languages:
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