Language Typology and Syntactic Description, Volume I: Clause Structure, Second edition
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Lgg Typology, Synt Description v. I - Clause structure
sa- rather than
the actor suffix -li. (120) a. sa-ttola-tok b. sa-habishko 1sg.undergoer-fall-past 1sg.undergoer-sneeze ‘I fell’ ‘I sneezed’ Different semantic factors are apparently relevant to Apurin˜a (Facundes (2000)), an Arawakan language spoken in Brazil. Actors and undergoers in Apurin˜a are distinguished by the position of pronominal affixes on the verb: actors are represented by prefixes, while undergoers are represented by suf- fixes. Both of these are illustrated by the example with a transitive verb in (121). (121) n-arika-ru 1sg.act-set.on.fire-3sg.masc.undergoer ‘I set it on fire’ Intransitive verbs in Apurin˜a differ as to which of these two sets of affixes they occur with. In (122a), we see an actor prefix representing the volitional argument of an intransitive event verb, while, in (122b), we see an under- goer suffix representing the nonvolitional argument of an intransitive stative verb. Clause types 265 (122) a. nu-muteka b. hareka-no 1sg.act-run good-1sg.undergoer ‘I run’ ‘I am good’ In Apurin˜a, the argument of an event verb is invariably an actor, even when nonvolitional, as in the two examples in (123). (123) a. nh-iri b. o-p¨o-p 1sg.act-fall 3sg.fem.act-die-imperf ‘I fell down’ ‘she died’ Furthermore, there are many stative verbs which take actors rather than under- goers, as in (124). (124) a. nu-s˜apaka b. nhi-inhikaka 1sg.act-tired 1sg.act-feel.hot ‘I am tired’ ‘I feel hot’ Further examination would be necessary to determine whether there is some semantic basis to the contrast between those stative verbs in Apurin˜a which take undergoers and those which take actors. Other semantic factors are at play in other languages. In Taba (Bowden (1997)), an Austronesian language spoken in eastern Indonesia, the choice of actor versus undergoer in intransitive clauses is partly sensitive to the animacy of the argument. In Taba, actors are represented on the verb by proclitics, while undergoers are generally not represented on the verb. A simple transi- tive clause is given in (125), illustrating svo order for a transitive clause, and illustrating a prefix on the verb for the actor, but no marking on the verb for the undergoer. (125) Ahmad n-pun kolay Ahmad 3sg.act-kill snake ‘Ahmad killed a snake’ In addition, independent pronouns, if present, precede the verb when they are actors, but follow when they are undergoers, like full noun phrases in these roles. This is illustrated for transitive clauses in (126): (126a) illus- trates an independent pronoun am ‘we, exclusive’ functioning as a transi- tive actor preceding the verb, while (126b) illustrates an independent pronoun i ‘third person singular’ functioning as a transitive undergoer following the verb. (126) a. am a-tala motor la-we 1pl.excl 1pl.excl-meet boat sea-ess ‘we (exclusive) met the boat by the sea’ 266 Matthew S. Dryer b. ni mamasi n-wet i 3sg.poss mother 3sg.act-hit 3sg ‘his mother hit him’ Analogous intransitive examples are given in (127): in (127a), the argument is an actor and is represented both by an independent pronoun preceding the verb and by a proclitic on the verb, while in (127b), the argument is an undergoer and is represented only by an independent pronoun following the verb. (127) a. i n-tagil ndara b. kawail i 3sg 3sg.act-walk too.much tired 3sg ‘he walks too much’ ‘he is tired’ In some cases in Taba, the choice of actor versus undergoer is sensitive to the animacy of the argument, as in (128). (128) a. n-ha-mlongan b. ubang da mlongan 3sg.act-caus-long fence that long ‘he is tall’ ‘that fence is long’ The verb Download 1.59 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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