Language Typology and Syntactic Description, Volume I: Clause Structure, Second edition
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Lgg Typology, Synt Description v. I - Clause structure
Ekkehard K¨onig and Peter Siemund
5.2 Echo questions Somewhat different from their central use is the use of questions for the purpose of seeking clarification on a preceding utterance. Although both polar interrog- atives and constituent interrogatives easily lend themselves to this purpose, echoing something previously uttered in the form of a question often precludes the use of the standard interrogative constructions and necessitates a more indi- rect way of asking questions. In English, for instance, polar echo questions show a strong tendency to be phrased in terms of a declarative sentence with a rising intonation. Moreover, using constituent questions as echoes means that interrogative words can and frequently are left in situ: (100) A: I tell you he is a braggart. B: He is a braggart? / He is what? As a matter of fact, more careful analyses of echo questions have revealed that their discussion in the context of interrogative constructions and their frequent incorporation into this domain is problematic. One of the major problems for such an apparently straightforward approach is that all the three basic sentence types can be used as echo questions. The examples given in (101) show declar- ative, interrogative and imperative sentences being used as echo questions. The only property that these echo questions have in common with interrogative sen- tences is that they contain an interrogative word (constituent echo questions at least). These and similar facts have led some authors to conclude that echo questions cannot be regarded as instantiating a special sentence type, but are a phenomenon that can be superimposed on any of the basic sentence types (cf. the discussion in Reis (1992); Huddleston (1994)). (101) a. A: John lives in Paris. – B: He lives where? b. A: John lives in Paris. – B: Where does he live? c. A: Go to Paris! – B: Go where? Another point of some debate is whether echo questions are used to perform independent speech acts or whether they merely quote the preceding utterance. What, among other things, argues in favour of a quotational analysis is that echo questions do not represent the point of view of the speaker. The evaluation of a certain person’s mental capacity expressed by B in (102) is evidently not that of the speaker: (102) A: I have met this idiot again. B: You have met which idiot again? Moreover, such an analysis is corroborated by languages which regularly use a quotative construction to express echo questions, as, for example, Turkish (103). The quotative verb is not optional in this example (cf. Kornfilt (1997:32)). Speech act distinctions in grammar 319 (103) Turkish A: Sinema-ya gid-iyor-um cinema-dat go-pres.prog-1sg ‘I am going to the movies.’ B: Sinema-ya gid-iyor-um mu de-di-n where-dat go-pres.prog-1sg int say-past-2sg ‘Did you say “I am going to the movies”?’ In all the languages we surveyed, echo questions may be reduced, and in fact are often reduced, to the constituent or the constituents on which clarification is required. In informal speech it is probably even more common simply to use the interrogative word for inanimate referents (English what). Somewhat different from the examples of echo questions just discussed are those that are used as a reply to a preceding question. In German and English, at least, such echo questions have the structure of embedded clauses and cannot be analysed as quotations. Consider the example of a polar echo question in (104B) and the one of a constituent echo question in (105B). (104) German A: Hast du schon eingekauft? have you already shopped ‘Have you done the shopping yet?’ B: (Du fragst,) ob ich schon eingekauft habe? you ask if I already shopped have ‘(You are asking) if I have done the shopping?’ (105) German A: Wo bist du gewesen? where are you been ‘Where have you been?’ B: (Du fragst,) wo ich gewesen bin? you ask where I been am ‘(You are asking) where I have been?’ Download 1.59 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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