Language Typology and Syntactic Description, Volume I: Clause Structure, Second edition
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Lgg Typology, Synt Description v. I - Clause structure
got killed is parallel to John got sleepy.
(iii) The passive auxiliary is a verb of motion (e.g. go, come). This type seems less well attested than either (i) or (ii) above, but examples (27) below from Hindi and (28) from Persian are suggestive: (27) Murgi mari gayee chicken killed went ‘The chicken was killed’ (28) a. Ali loget-ra be kar bord Ali word-do to work take ‘Ali used the word’ b. Loget be kar reft word to work went ‘The word was used’ (iv) The passive auxiliary is a verb of experiencing (e.g. suffer, touch, even ‘experience pleasantly’). Example (29) below from Thai and (30) from Vietnamese (diacritics omitted) are illustrative: (29) Mary th´uuk (John) k´oot Mary touch (John) embrace ‘Mary was embraced (by John)’ (30) Quang bi (Bao) ghet Quang suffer (Bao) detest ‘Quang is detested (by Bao)’ Passives of this sort are widely attested in languages spoken in southeast Asia, including Mandarin, although their analysis as passives is in fact not obvious. The languages which exhibit them are independently verb-serializing languages: apparently simplex sentences are commonly constructed with mul- tiple verbs and few if any prepositions. For example, a sentence such as ‘John took the train to Boston’ might be literally rendered as ‘John go ride train arrive Passive in the world’s languages 339 Boston’. In addition such languages exhibit virtually no bound morphology. And since passive auxiliaries can quite generally (but not always) occur as main verbs in simple sentences, it is plausible to analyse passive sentences in these languages as special cases of serial-verb constructions. We refer the reader for further discussion of these constructions in Vietnamese to Nguyen (1976), where reasonable evidence is given that the verb of experiencing is functioning as an auxiliary verb. Accepting these structures as passives, it should be noted that there will commonly be several acceptable choices for passive auxiliaries. Nguyen (1976) cites five such verbs for Vietnamese, among them duoc, used when the subject is portrayed as pleasantly affected by the action: (31) Quang duoc Bao thuong Quang ‘enjoy’ Bao love ‘Quang is loved by Bao’ The use of the auxiliary bi ‘suffer’ is possible in (31) but ironic. 2.3 The semantics of basic passives Our discussion of passives in section 1 in terms of their corresponding actives suggests that we might think of passives simply as paraphrases of their corre- sponding actives. Ultimately, however, such a view is mistaken. For one thing, as already discussed, basic passives lack an agent phrase and thus lack a cor- responding active, strictly speaking. For another, as we will see shortly, when the nps denote things other than individuals, the passives are often not para- phrases of their corresponding actives. On the other hand, if we view passive as an operation on active transitive verb phrases (tvps), deriving passive vps, we can, as a first approximation, give the interpretation of passives as follows: the passive of a tvp is true of an individual x if and only if, for some individual y, the tvp is true of the pair (y, x). So was slapped holds of John if and only if, for some individual y, slap holds of (y, John); that is, if someone slapped John. Notice that this semantic interpretation makes no immediate claim con- cerning whether passive sentences are paraphrases of their actives. Given that np s like John and Mary denote individuals, it will claim that Mary slapped Download 1.59 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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