Language Typology and Syntactic Description, Volume I: Clause Structure, Second edition
Download 1.59 Mb. Pdf ko'rish
|
Lgg Typology, Synt Description v. I - Clause structure
Parts-of-speech systems 51 postpositional noun adjuncts (cf. section 2.2), as the following English, Japanese, and Hausa examples illustrate: (154) John left after Sally arrived the game (155) Ressya ga tuku Ohiru made kore o site-kudasai train subj arrive until this obj do-please noon ‘Please do this until the train arrives’ noon’ (156) sun zo D ɑ zamu yi rawa dare they. perf come at we.fut do dancing night ‘As soon as they come we’ll dance’ ‘At night In some languages, an adverbializer in a subordinate clause may be optionally paired with another conjunction occurring in the main clause. English, for example, can pair if and then as in: (157) If John goes, (then) Bill will too In Vietnamese, there are many such optional pairings, as in the following exam- ples (from Binh (1971)): (158) Vi anh mach thay giao, ( ma) Ba phai phat because older brother report teacher (therefore) Ba pass punish ‘Because you reported him to the teacher, Ba was punished’ (159) Khi toi den, ( thi) Ba di roi when I arrive (then) Ba go already ‘When I arrived, Ba had already gone’ (160) Tuy Ba noi nhanh ( nhung) toi cung-van heiu duoc although Ba speak fast (but) I still understand possible ‘Although Ba talked fast I could still understand him’ There are also cases where an adverbializer in a subordinate clause is obligato- rily paired with a conjunction in the main clause. In counterfactual conditional sentences in Hausa, for example, the counterfactual conjunction da must appear 52 Paul Schachter and Timothy Shopen in both the antecedent clause and the consequent clause (at least if the latter has a perfect-aspect predicate): (161) Da an tambaye su, da sun yarda cf one. perf ask them cf they. perf agree ‘If they had been asked, they would have agreed’ Various alternatives to the use of adverbializers are discussed in Thompson and Longacre, vol. ii, chapter 5. These include simple juxtaposition of clauses and the use of special subordinate verb forms. Additional examples of the latter are provided by the following Eskimo sentences (from Harper (1974)): (162) Qiu-ga-ma isiqpunga cold-because-I I. am. coming. in ‘Because I’m cold, I am coming in’ (163) Audla-ru-vit quviasutjanngittunga go away-if/when-you I. will. be. unhappy ‘If/When you go away, I will be unhappy’ 2.5 Other closed classes This section surveys some of the more widespread closed parts-of-speech classes not discussed in previous sections. The classes to be surveyed are: clitics, copulas and predicators, emphasis markers, existential markers, inter- jections, mood markers, negators, and politeness markers. They are discussed below in the listed order. Clitics are words that occur in a fixed position in relation to some other sentence element. (If the fixed position is before the other element, the clitics are sometimes called proclitics; if after, they are sometimes called enclitics.) In some languages, clitics regularly follow the first word of the clause in which they occur. This is true, for example, of Tagalog, as is illustrated by the position of the clitic daw ‘they say’ in the following sentences: (164) a. Darating daw si Pedro bukas will. arrive they. say top Pedro tomorrow ‘They say Pedro will arrive tomorrow’ b. Hindi daw darating si Pedro bukas neg they. say will. arrive top Pedro tomorrow ‘They say Pedro won’t arrive tomorrow’ c. Bakit daw hindi darating si Pedro bukas? why they. say neg will. arrive top Pedro tomorrow ‘Why do they say Pedro won’t arrive tomorrow?’ |
Ma'lumotlar bazasi mualliflik huquqi bilan himoyalangan ©fayllar.org 2024
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling