Learning Objectives Summarize the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor

Learning Objectives

• Summarize the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.

• Explain US and Japanese strategy at the opening of WWII.

• Be familiar with the timeline of key events in the Pacific Theater.

• Summarize the battles for Guadalcanal, Iwo Jima, and Okinawa.

• Describe the decisions that led to the employment of the atomic bomb.

The Road to War

• Japan sought to control of “East Asia” for additional markets and sources of raw materials

• Invades China in 1931.
• Invades French Indochina in 1940.

• “Colonial” governments begin imposing embargoes to put brakes on Japanese expansion.

• Japanese armed forces argue that they must strike to relieve pressure of embargoes.

• Expect conflict, but buy time and surprise through negotiations.

• US and UK focused on war in Europe.

Japanese Strategy

• Three Phases

• Phase I: Surprise attacks, then strategic defense.
• Knock out US fleet; seize vital areas; establish defensive perimeter.
• Phase II: Strengthen perimeter; make any offensive action by the US prohibitively costly.
• Phase III: Defeat and destroy any forces that attempt to penetrate the perimeter.

• Long US LOC and natural strength of defense should almost guarantee success.

Pearl Harbor

• Surprise

• Deception operations
• First significant use of carriers.
• Tactical home run, but strategic foul ball…or strikeout?

• Critical Vulnerability??

• US Pacific Fleet
• Destruction of battleships proved counterproductive.
• US carriers proved to be “surface” that cost Japanese the war.

• Fog and friction?

Who’s in charge?

• General MacArthur

• SWPA
• Southwestern Pacific
• Many large land masses
• Maneuver
• Retake PI
• Island Hop, but larger land masses.

Island Hopping Campaign

• LtCol (then Maj) “Pete” Ellis develops OPLAN 712 “Advanced Base Operations in Micronesia” (aka “the Orange Plan”) in 1921.

• Predicts that Japan will strike first.
• " . . . it will be necessary for us to project our fleet and landing forces across the Pacific and wage war in Japanese waters. To effect this requires that we have sufficient bases to support the fleet, both during its projection and afterwards. To effect [an amphibious landing] in the face of enemy resistance requires careful training and preparation to say the least; and this along Marine lines. It is not enough that the troops be skilled infantrymen or artillery men of high morale; they must be skilled watermen and jungle-men who know it can be done--Marines with Marine training."

MajGen Lejeune circa 1923

• "... on both flanks of a fleet crossing the Pacific are numerous islands suitable for utilization by an enemy for radio stations, aviation, submarine, or destroyer bases. All should be mopped up as progress is made. . . The presence of an expeditionary force with the fleet would add greatly to the striking power of the Commander-in-Chief of the fleet. . . . The maintenance, equipping, and training of its expeditionary force so that it will be in instant readiness to support the fleet in the event of war, I deem to be the most important Marine Corps duty in time of peace."

Logistics

• Logistics plays a crucial role in the Pacific.

• Island Hopping to seize advanced (primarily air) bases and cut Japanese LOC.

• Japanese have qualitative edge in military hardware at the beginning of war.

• Choose quality over quantity (Zero, Yamato).
• Unable to replace assets quickly.

• US is master of mass production.

• Average quality, tremendous quantity.
• Implement ideas from captured equipment.

• US subs operate independently and sink Japanese ships faster than Japan can produce them.

1941

• December 7 Pearl Harbor

• Dec 8 US & GB declare war on Japan

• Dec 9 China declares war on Japan

• Dec 10 Prince of Wales and Repulse sunk

• Japan invades Burma, Hong Kong, Philippines, Guam, Wake, & Borneo

1942 The Empire Expands

• February Singapore falls

• March New Guinea

• April Bataan

• May Corregidor

1942

• April Doolittle Raid on Tokyo

• Tactical evolution with strategic impact.
• Shifts morale in both countries
• Adapt and overcome…

• May Coral Sea

• “Stop the enemy”
• Tactical victory for Japan
• Strategic victory for US

• June Midway

• July-November Guadalcanal

• Island not officially “secured” until Feb ’43.

Battle of Midway June 1942

• Original perimeter not sufficient.

• Doolittle raid concerns Japanese.
• Want base to bomb Hawaii.
• Deliver killing blow to US fleet.

• Security

• Simplicity

• Yamamoto uses “operational push” tactics.

• Attacks island before locating US fleet.

• First naval battle fought entirely with airplanes.

Midway: The Tide Turns

• Patrol planes spot Japanese main body just as they are about to RTB.

• Midway-based A/C strike Japanese TF

• Japanese A/C attack Midway with little impact.

• Rearm w/ bombs or torpedoes?

• US carrier-based torpedo attack has same outcome as land-based attack, but distract fighters and allow dive bombers to hit TF while planes rearm/refuel.

• Aviation “combined arms”?

• Japanese lose four heavy carriers, all planes, and many of their best pilots; US loses Yorktown.

Guadalcanal

• 7 August 1942

• First offensive action of the war.

• Critical airfield.

• First plane makes emergency landing on 12 Aug.
• 2 USMC squadrons arrive on 20 Aug.
• Only one “healthy” carrier left by end of battle.

• Strategic offense; tactical defense

• Navy bugs out, taking majority of supplies with them.

• Redeem themselves during critical 12 Nov naval battle when they turn back major Japanese force.

Guadalcanal

• Japanese piecemeal counterattacks.

• Maneuver, mass, and surprise all hampered by jungle.
• 8 day forced march
• USMC conducts vigorous patrols as part of “active defense”.
• 2d Raider Bn conducts month-long patrol.
• Japanese attempt to reinforce by sea, but suffer significant losses in the process. (7 of 11 transports)

• Jungle causes significant casualties.

• Over 1k new cases of malaria per week.

• Army comes in to mop up in November.

Results

• Island “secured” in Feb ’43.

• Japan suffers critical losses in all areas.

• 600 a/c, 2300 aircrew
• 25k soldiers (1/2 in combat, ½ to illness)
• 2 BB, 3 CV, 12 Cruisers, 25 destroyers
• Roughly same number as US, but Japan unable to replace.

• Institution of CATF/CLF.

• 1943

• March Bismark Sea (limited Japanese reinforcement of Southern Pacific)
• November Tarawa and Makin (Gilberts)

• 1944

• February Kwajalein & Eniwetok (Marshalls)
• February-June New Guinea
• June-August Saipan, Tinian, Guam (Marianas)
• B29s now able to be recovered after hitting Japan
• October Leyte Gulf
• Destroyed much of Japanese Navy

The Low Road

• MacAurthur leap-frogs through his AO.

• Skips heavily defended islands and areas and leaves them to “wither on the vine” by taking less well defended surrounding islands and cutting off LOC.

• Seizure of New Guinea puts him in a position to retake Philippines.

• Works around coast of NG to take advantage of naval superiority, again bypassing and cutting off strong points.
• Critical vulnerabilities?

1945

• February-March Iwo Jima

• March Tokyo raids

• Low level incendiary bombing runs with much destruction. Designed to force surrender but didn’t.

• April-June Okinawa

• August

• 6th Hiroshima
• 9th Nagasaki
• 14th Japan surrenders.

• September 2 VJ Day

Iwo Jima

• D-Day 9 Feb 1945

• Airfields again the objectives.

• 450 ships

• Pre-invasion bombardment shortened from 12 to 3 days.

• Weather limited effectiveness of even this.

• 3rd, 4th, 5th MARDIVs

• 1st wave gets ashore, but when bombardment lifts for them to move inland, all hell breaks loose.

• Southern half of island in US hands by D+2.

• Takes 34 more days to secure remainder of island (8 square miles total).

Iwo Jima

• Nothing fancy; simple but costly.

• “Throwing human flesh against reinforced concrete.”

• 36 days, 26k US casualites including 6k KIA.

• 1 of every 3 US personnel that went ashore was wounded or killed.   

• 1k of 20k defenders survived   

• 2400 B-29s w/ 27k crewmen made unscheduled landings on island by the time the war ended.

• 27 Medals of Honor awarded. 

Okinawa

• D Day 1 April

• Last stop before the mainland.

• 1200 ships

• 1, 2, 6 MARDIV + 3 Army divisions

• USMC heads north; secures northern ½ of island by D+4.

• Combined Army/USMC battle determined Japanese defenders until late June.

• Gen Geiger named to command Tenth Army when Buckner is KIA.

• Better job of using combined-arms, but still ugly.

Desperation

• Kamikaze = Divine Wind

• 1900 planes launched against US during Battle for Okinawa.

• 6 April
• 355 launched
• 22 get through defenses
• 3 US ships sunk.

The Costs

• US

• 7k KIA
• 31k WIA

• Japan

• 130k KIA
• 10k POW
• Lost 700+ aircraft

A New Formula for Mass

• Japan warned, but refused to surrender.

• Planners estimated invasion would result in 3-5x as many casualties as at Okinawa.

• Hiroshima

• 6 August 1945
• HQ, Japanese 2nd Army
• 60-70k killed or missing

• Nagasaki

• 9 August
• 40k killed

• Compare

• Dresden 35-135k
• Tokyo 120k KIA/WIA

• Logical outcome of “Total War”?

For Further Study

• At Dawn We Slept Prange

• Guadalcanal Frank

• Goodbye Darkness Manchester

• Battle Cry Uris

• With the Old Breed Sledge

• Iwo Jima, Legacy of Valor Ross

• A Marine Named Mitch Paige

• Once a Legend Hoffman

• Once a Marine Vandergrift

Questions?