Lecture 9 Theme: mudle lexical stylistic devices the plan

Interaction of Primary and Derivative Logical Meanings
Stylistic devices based on the interaction of the primary and the derivative (secondary) meanings of one and the same word are very popular in English fiction, especially in that of the XIX century: the highly developed system of English polysemy and homonymy is one of the main factors explaining this fact.
Polysemy. While speaking about the types of lexical meanings we mentioned that words may be polysemantic. Derivative logical meanings always retain some semantic ties with the primary meanings and are strongly associated with them. In actual speech polysemy vanishes if the word is not used deliberately for certain stylistic purposes. A context generally materializes one definite meaning. In speech we do not use words as they are given in dictionaries, generally we materialize one definite meaning; that is why we can say that polysemy vanishes.
Zeugma is such a stylistic device when a word is often in the same grammatical relation but with different semantic relations to two adjacent words-one metaphorical and the other-literal in meaning. Usually a verb is associated with two subjects, objects or adverbial modifier. For example: 1. Mr.Stiggins took his hat and his leave. A young girl who had a yellow smock and a cold in the head. (Ch. Dickens)

2. 
   When they had departed, she had taken a deep breath and her telephone receiver.(J.Galsworthy)
   
3. 
   She possessed two false teeth and a sympathetic head.(O.Henry)
   
4. 
   At moon Mrs. Turpin would get out of bed and humor, put on kimono, airs and the water to boil her coffee. (O.Henry)
   
5. 
   Robert swallowed the sandwitches and Shakespeare.
   
6. 
   Henry could get gloriously tipsy on tea and conversation.
   

Pun. The pun is also based on the interaction of two meanings of a word. The difference between pun and zeugma is only structural. Zeugma realizes two meanings ( direct and indirect) with the help of a verb which refers to different subjects. The pun is more independent. It does not depend on the verb but the context. Sometimes this context may be presented in the form of the whole book. The title of O.Wilde’s play “The importance of being Earnest” has a pun in it, as in the word ”Earnest” two meanings “seriously-minded” and the name of the main character are realized simultaneously.
The sphere for usage of these stylistic devices are poetical descriptions and speculations in emotive prose. Almost every common word may be used as a pun or zeugma. For example:
“Winnie-the-Pooh lived in a forest all by himself under the name of Sanders”. “What does “under the name mean?”-asked Christopher Robin. ”It means he had the name over the door in gold letters and lived under it”. Here is an example of a pun where a large context for its realization is used:
“Bow to the board”, said Bumple. Oliver brushed away two or three tears that were lingering in his eyes; and seeing no board but the table, fortunately bowed to that. ( Mark Twain). Humorous effect is achieved by the interplay not of two meanings of one word: “board” as a group of officials with functions of administration and “ board” as a piece of furniture ( a table).
Let’s see the examples in Russian and Karakalpak:
1.Поэт издалека заводит речь
Поэта далеко заводит речь( М Цветаева)
2. Ты не знаешь как он меня любил- рыдала Катя Он меня буквально носил на руках Лена не вольно что вряд ли он мог здоровую Катьку носить на руках скорее наоборот (В Панова)
Словесная игра на омонимах: 1. Каков ни есть, а хочет есть. ( погов). 2. Фунт сахара и фунт стерлингов (заголовок статьи). Мастерски применял омонимы Брюсов
Ты белых лебедей кормила
Откинув тяжесть черных кос
Я рядом плыл сошлись кормила
Закатный луч был странно кос
Вдруг лебедей метнулась пара
Не знаю чья была вина
Закат замлел за дымкой пара
Алея как поток вина
Pun based on antonyms:
1. Где начало того конца которым оканчивается начало ( К П)
2. Было так поздно что стало рано.
3. На половине покойника сидеть не разрешается (М. Булгаков)
Шошма шошма-деди бай. Шашпайман, бай ага – деди Аманлик. (Т. Каипбергенов. МӘ)