Lecture 9 Theme: mudle lexical stylistic devices the plan

Simile. The intensification of some feature of the concept in question is realized in a device expressing a likeness between different object. Simile is the realization of such intensification and it draws a comparison between two different things in one or more aspects. We must not confuse ordinary comparison and simile². Comparison means weighing two objects belonging to one class of things –and the purpose is to establish the degree of their sameness or difference:1. If he is like his mother he must be a good-looking boy. 2. The girl seems to be as clever as her mother. Simile characterizes one object by bringing it into contact with another object belonging to an entirely different class of things.
Structurally similes may be divided into the following types: adjective –attributes, adverb –modifier, verb –predicates. Such formal elements as: like, as, such as, as if, seem, etc. introduce similes. A simile usually consists of three components: 1) what is compared ( the subject of a simile); 2) with what the comparison is made ( the object of the simile); 3) the basis of the comparison.
For example: 1. She is as happy as a lark. 2. She is as cunning as a fox.
The nature of simile is to compare two ( or several) objects which belong to different classes of objects: 1. The sun was as red as ripe new blood.( J.Steinbeck). Different features may be compared in simile: the state, actions, manners: 1. My heart is like a singing bird.2. The body was tensed as a strong leaf of spring. In Uzbek and Karakalpak:1. Қуш каби учардим адирлар томон. Замонлар карвонидек оқиб ётипти Аму. Ойдек ярқиратиб урардим кетмон. ( Ҳ.Олимжон).2. Сен қосық жазарсаң, сөзиң мисли пал. ( И.Юсупов. Актрисаның ығбалы). 3. Шектим мийнет мысал өгиз.(Бердах.Өмирим)
4.Ҳинд қолына түскен асыранды пилдей
Үнсиз жетегине ере бердим мен. ( И. Юсупов. Мениң жигит ўақтым, сениң қыз ўақтың).
Similes enrich English phraseology: like a squirrel in a cage, to sleep like a log, as busy as a bee, blind as a bat. In Uzbek: ит олган тулкидай, қуйдай юввош, қул булиб яшагунча, мард булиб ўлган яхши. These phraseological units are trite similes and have become clichés.
When simile indicates several features of the image it is called sustained (or prolonged) simile. Similes enrich English phraseology as well as Russian and Karakalpak:

1. 
   Хандра ждала его на страже
   

И бегала за ним она
Как тень иль верная жена (А.С. Пушкин)

2. 
   Богаты мы едва из колыбели
   

Ошибками отцов и поздним их умом
И жизнь уж нас томит
Как ровный путь без цели
Как пир на празднике чужом (М. Лермонтов)
3. Жигирмада марттей болып
Жук котерген нардай болып
Арыслан киби ердей болып
Кушиме болган кунлерим (Бердах. Өмирим)
Similes may be trite and genuine³. In the English language there is a long list of hackneyed similes pointing out the analogy between the various qualities, states or actions of a human being and the animals supposed to be the bearers of the given quality. Examples of trite similes: busy as a bee, fresh as a rose, strong like a lion, hard as a rock, to twinkle like a star, to work like a horse, to fly like a bird, stubborn as a mule, thirsty as a camel, slow as a tortoise. In Russian and Karakalpak: трудолюбивая как пчела, трусливый как заяц, хитрая как лиса, преданная как собака; жүзи аидай , тиси маржандай ,кеўли дәрьядай тасып,.
Examples of genuine similes: 1. A nice old man hairless as a boiled onion.2. Della’s beautiful hair fell about her ripping and shining like a cascade of brown water.

1. 
   Лёд не окрепший на речке студеной
   

Словно как тающий сахар лежит

2. 
   Журчит во мраморе вода и каплет хладными слезами
   

Не умолкая никогда Так плачет мать во дни печали о сыне падшем на войне (А.С. Пушкин )

3. 
   Хорошо и тепло как зимой у печки
   

И берёзы стоят как большие свечки. (С. Есенин )
4. Кең далада кеўли дәрядай тасып
Бир жигит баратыр тән саҳар шағы (И Юсупов).
The simile usually serves as a means to clearer meaning. Besides making a narrative more concrete and definite, the simile helps the author to reveal certain feelings of his own as well. The stylistic function of simile is : 1) imaginative characterization of a phenomenon and 2) to produce a humorous effect by its unexpectedness.