Lecture 9 Theme: mudle lexical stylistic devices the plan

Periphrasis. Periphrases is a re-naming of an object that brings out some particular feature of the object. It can be understood only in context. Periphrasis is a word combination which is used instead of the word designating an object. For example: My son …has been deprived of what can never be replaced. The periphrasis “ What can never be replaced” stands for the word “mother”. Traditional (language, dictionary) periphrasis and the words they stand for are synonyms by nature, the periphrasis being expressed by a word combination. Periphrastic synonyms exist in the language in the form of phraseological units: a gentleman of the robe – a lawyer; the better ( fair) sex – woman; the man in the street – the ordinary person; my better half – my wife; the ship of the dessert –camel⁴. They are easily understood without any context, that is why they are not stylistic devices but merely synonyms expressions.
In contrast to periphrastic synonyms genuine, speech periphrasis as a stylistic device are new nominations of objects, being the elements of individual style of writers, which the realize the power of language to coin new names for objects by disclosing some qualities of the objects.
The hoarse, dull drum would sleep,
And Man be happy yet. (Byron)
Here periphrasis can only be understood from a larger context, referring to the concept war. “The horse, dull drum” is a metonymical periphrasis standing for “ war”.
Periphrases can be divided into logical and figurative. Logical periphrasis is based on one of the inherent properties or passing feature of the object: instruments of destruction (Dickens)–pistols; (Dickens) – love. A logical periphrasis gives a new definition of an object or a phenomenon and stresses one of its characteristic features without being based on an image⁵. The periphrasis has a long history. It was widely used in the Bible and in Homer’s Iliad. As a poetic device it was very popular in Latin poetry (Virgil). It became an important feature of epic and descriptive poetry throughout the Middle Ages and into the Renaissance. Prof. V.N.Yartseva states that the use of periphrasis in the 16-th century was in the nature of embellishment, thus justifying the attribute aureate, and that periphrasis became a feature of a definite literary style. (В.Н.Ярцева. Развитие национального литературного английского языка. Москва, 1969, с 89).
Figurative periphrasis is based either on a metaphor or metonymy. For example: Five weeks of perfect liberty … would have prepared her for the day of bells. (E. Meredith)
For example: the sky- lamp of the night= «the moon». Here the moon is understood by metaphorical periphrasis «lamp». Other examples are : the house of the God = «the church» ; to enter the house = «to become a MP». All these word combimations are synonyms by nature and became phraseological units. Many of such word combinations are used in the language of mass media. Some of them are spread in the language of official style because they have become clichés. Many of them are based on the use of euphemisms.
The stylistic function of periphrasis is different: to produce a satirical or humorous effect, sarcastic description, it may create elevated style. Here are some examples where fresh and bright periphrasis are used: ‘ Come on”, said Miss Handforth, “has the cat got your tongue?” (Can you speak?) The same illustrations are taken from Russian and Karakalpak: автор «Героя нашего времени» ( вместо М.Ю.Лермонтова); царь зверей ( вместо лев); У А.С.Пушкина творец Макбета ( Шекспир); певец Литвы ( Мицкевич), певец Гяура и Жуана ( Байрон)
1. Унылая пора! Очей очарованье! (Пушкин)
2. Приветствую тебя пустынный уголок
Приют спокойствия, трудов и вдохновенья (Пушкин)
3. Сол таўлардын кабағында
Шахымарданның бағында
Қурбан болып таң шағында
Жатар ериктиң сунқар қусы
Инкылабтың жыршысы (Хамза хаккында)

Euphemistic periphrasis is a variety of periphrasis, which substitutes a mild, delicate expression for one, which seems to be rude or unpleasant.
Euphemism is a periphrasis, which is used to re-name an unpleasant word or expression. For example: to die-the journey’s end, sleep. Euphemisms are words or phrases, which produce some mild effect: to lie –1. to tell stories; 2. to possess a vivid imagination. We distinguish the following groups of euphemisms: religious, moral, medical, political and parliamentary. Partly the political euphemisms always delude public opinion, distort the political events. Instead of saying “ a liar” in the political sphere we usually come across such expressions as : a parliamentary opponent, a purveyor of terminological inexactitudes, unemployment – a dismissed worker, the building up of labour reserves .
One and the same word may be paraphrased by different euphemisms in different speech situations. For example, the word “liar” in private conversation may have the following euphemisms: untruther, story-teller, fabulish; in press: reckless disregarder for truth, dissimulator, misleader, falsier, fabricator. In some cases periphrasis is regarded as a demerit and should have no place in good, precise writing⁶. This kind of periphrasis is generally called circumlocution. Thus Richard Altick states that one of the ways of obscuring truth “… is the use of circumlocutions and euphemisms”. (R. Altick. Preface to Critical Reading. New-York, 1956).
The stylistic function of euphemism - to produce a humorous effect or to distort the truth, to make the statement milder. For example: intoxication – drunkenness, perspiration - sweat. Euphemisms are widely used in Russian, Uzbek and Karakalpak: недалекий человек (неумный); моя правая рука (ближайший человек) ; ақли қисқа (аҳмоқ), қулоғи оғир (кар), кўли эгри ( ўғри), эгасига топширмоқ (эрга бермоқ); сув қилди (ўғирлади), тамыр жанарткым келеди (куда туским келеди), солдатлы болды, кеўлиңе келмесин, сары алтын (салы), ақ алтын ( пахта), қара алтын ( нефть).
Эвфемизмлердиң белгили бир топарларының пайда болыўы ҳалықтың тарийҳый турмысы, этнографиясы,үрип-әдети, дәстүри, дуньяны таныў дәрежесиниң жағдайы менен тиккелей байланыслы. Предметлер ҳәм қубылысларды қандай да бир себеплер менен өз атамасы арқалы атамай, басқаша атаў революцияға шекемги дәўирде қарақалпақ ҳалқы турмысында актив қубылыс сыпатында көринетуғын еди. Усының нәтийжесинде тилдиң лексикасында табу сөзлер пайда болды: ене, қайнаға, ортаншы, мырзаға, кишкене, бийкеш, ҳа қыз, бөке, бизиң үйдеги, жаман кесел, әсте әстелик пенен ( қызба, көретилме), көз жарды, жас босанды ( туўыўы).
1. Қосыбайдың үйине түс. Қартайғанда тамыр жаңартқым келеди .(қуда түским келеди) (К.Султанов. Әжинияз).
2. Оның ортасында, қарындасым, саған әкелген базарлығым болсын, сен де басыңды қызарта ғой. (орамалды басыңа тарта ғой) (А.Бегимов. Балықшының қызы).
3. –Қайнаға, қурттың-аў! – деп бир ҳаял сыңқ-сыңқ күлди. ( И. Юсупов. Сейдан ғаррының геўиши).
4. –Қайненесиниң көзинше урыса берип бәле көринип пе? (Т.Каипбергенов. Қарақалпақ қызы).
Hyperbole is a deliberate overstatement or exaggeration of some feature of an object or phenomenon⁷. V.V.Vinogradov states that “ genuine art enjoys the right to exaggerate” and he states, that hyperbole is the law of art which brings the existing phenomena of life, diffused as they are, to the point of maximum clarity and conciseness. We must distinguish hyperbole from mere exaggeration, as every exaggeration cannot be regarded as a stylistic device: Haven’t seen you for ages. I’m dying to see it. Ожидать целую вечность, задушить в обьятиях, море слез, любить до безумия. The use of hyperbole shows the overflow of emotions in the speaker and the listener. Hyperbole may be expressed in a periphrastic descriptive way: “What I suffer in that way no tongue can tell” ( J.K.Jerome). “No tongue can tell” means “ it is very difficult to express by means of the language”. In this case hyperbole is based on metonymy. In Uzbek: Тойчоққинам, колхоз осонгина тузилмаган, қон тўкканмиз. (Р.Файзий) Hyperbole may be used in combination with other stylistic devices – metaphor, metonymy, simile, epithet, repetition, etc.
Hyperbole metaphors: Gradually he was becoming acclimatized to the strange town, primitive and isolated, entombed by the mountains (A. Cronin).Қурилишга эмас, жаннатга кетаяпсаң Жўра! Манна тоғ десаң тоғб баландлиги уч мингу олтмиш саккиз метр, дарё десанг-ботқоқ десанг… бу дейман, йўлбарсми, тўнғизми, бундоқ беллашса айирадиган бироқ маҳлуқ йўқ эканда? (А. Муҳтор).
Hyperbolic epithets: Одни дома длиною до звезд другие длиною до луны (Маяковский) Hyperbolic simile: His mind began to move like lightening. Мужик с брюхом похожим на тот исполинский самовар (Гоголь).
Hyperbole may be found in repetition: “I’d have been out there days ago, days ago” (S. Leacock )
Қайда экан менинг Насибам,
Осмондами, ердами, қайда?
Топорманми Дуне айлансам,
Кўрарманми учсам ё ойга?
Қайда экан менинг Насибам,
Денгиздами ёки дарёда?
Examples in Karakalpak:
1 Аскар таў Эльбрус аспанга тийген
Сымбатлы ак төсин көкше булт сүйген (И Юсупов)
2.Мен ашыўлансам таў сөтиледи бил соны! –деди
3.Бийлерди ой басып алдындагы кеселерин көтере алмады (Т Каиыпбергенов)
4. Бир калем тартканда гуллер ғумшаласын