Lecture Stylistics as a science. Problems of stylistic research. Plan


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Stylistics for students (1)

Anadiplosis is such a figure in which a word or group of words completing a sentence is repeated at the beginning of a succeeding sentence. It often shows the interaction of different parts of a paragraph or text.
My wife has brown hair, dark eyes, and a gentle disposition. Because of her gentle disposition, I sometimes think that she spoils the children. (Cheever)
Epiphora consists in the repetition of certain elements at the end of two or more successive clauses, sentences or paragraphs.
Trouble is, I don't know if I want a business or not. Or even if I can pay for it, if I did want it. (Shute)
III. Inversion is upsetting of the normal order of words, which is an important feature of English.
By changing the logical order this device helps to convey new shades of meaning. The denotative meaning is the same but the emotive colouring is different.
Galperin describes five types of inversion that are connected with the fixed syntactical position of the sentence members. Each type of inversion produces a specific stylistic effect:
it may render an elevated tone to the narration:
Of beechen green, and shadows numberless,
Singest of summer in full-throated ease. (Keats)
/ will make my kitchen, and you will keep your room, Where white flows the river and bright blows the broom. (Stevenson)

  • or make it quick-paced and dynamic:

  • In he got and away they went. (Waugh)

Bang went Philbrick's revolver. Off trotted the boys on another race. Off trotted the boys on another race (Waugh)
Sometimes inversion may contribute to the humorous effect of the description or speech characterisation:
To march about you would not like us? suggested the stationmaster. (Waugh)
IV. Interaction of adjacent sentences is a compositional syntactical technique.
One of the major emphatic means is the use of parallel con­structions. They are similarly built, and used in close succession. It is a variety of repetition on the level of a syntactical mod­el. Parallel constructions more than anything else create a certain rhythmical arrangement of speech. The sameness of the structure stresses the difference or the similarity of the meaning. Some­times parallel constructions assume a peculiar form and the word order of the first phrase is inverted in the second. The resulting device is called chiasmus. It is often accompanied by a lexical repetition:
They had loved her, and she had loved them. (Caldwell)
Work— work— work!
From weary chime to chime!
Work— work— work
As prisoners work for crime!
Band, and gusset, and seam
Seam, and gusset, and band...
(Hood)
The climax is such an arrangement of a series of clauses or phrases that form an ascending scale, in which each of the sen­tences is stronger hi intensity of expression than the previous one.
We're nice people and there isn't going to be room for nice people any more. It's ended, ifs all over, it's dead. (Cheever)
Another device is the anticlimax, also called back gradation, which is a figure of speech that consists in an abrupt and often ludicrous descent, which contrasts with the previous rise. The descent is often achieved by the addition of a detail that ruins the elevated tenor of the previous narration.
Its main stylistic function is to give the thought an unexpected humorous or ironic twist.
I hate and detest every bit of it, said Professor Silenus gravely. Nothing I have ever done has caused me so much disgust. With a deep sigh he rose from the table and walked from the room, the fork with which he had been eating still held in his hand. (Waugh)



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