Lecture the word and its meaning

partially assimilated;

unassimilated, or barbarisms.

Completely assimilated borrowings are usually old: street, husband, table. They follow all morphological, phonetic and spelling standards of English. They are frequently used and stylistically neutral and usually active in word formation.

Partially assimilated borrowings are further subdivided into groups depending on the aspect which the words are not assimilated in:

1. 
   not assimilated semantically: denote objects and notions peculiar to the country from which they came: clothes(sombrero), titles and professions (shah, bei, toreador), food and drinks (pilaw, borsch, galushky), money (rouble), etc.
   
2. 
   not assimilated grammatically, e.g. original plural forms of Greek and Latin borrowings: crisis – crises, criterion – criteria, stimulus – stimuli, datum – data, etc.
   
3. 
   not assimilated phonetically: with the stress on the last syllable (police, routine), sounds and combinations that are not standard in English (bourgeois, prestige, memoir), the whole phonetic pattern is different, e.g. opera, soprano, confetti, etc.
   
4. 
   not assimilated graphically: with diactric marks (café, cliché), special digraphs (bouquet, brioche), some silent letters (ballet, corps).
   

Some words may have incomplete assimilation in more than one aspect.
Barbarisms are not assimilated in any way foreign words which are used by Englishmen in communication though they have native equivalents, e.g. ciao, Anno Domini, etc.

3. 
   International words, translation loans, etymological doublets.
   

Borrowing is seldom limited to one language. Words of identical origin that occur in several languages as a result of simultaneous or successive borrowings from the same source are called international. They play an important role in scientific terminology, industry, art. E.g., Italian borrowings in music, Latin borrowings in science, etc. There exist false translator’s friends, e.g. magazine, champion, general, capital, etc.

Translation loans are formed from the material already existing in the English language but according to the pattern taken from another language by literal translation, e.g. wall newspaper (from Russian), chain-smoker (from German), swan song (German), etc.

Etymological doublets are two or more words of the same language which were derived from the same basic word but by different routes. They now differ in form, meaning and usage. Doublets appear when:

1. 
   words came through different dialects in O.E.: raid and road, drag and draw;
   
2. 
   words were borrowed twice in different periods: castle – chateau; catch- chase;
   
3. 
   words which developed from different grammatical forms of the same borrowed word: super-superior-supreme (degrees of comparison of the same Latin adjective).