Lesson 3 Branches of biology: human biology and biology chemistry Warm up

A typical plant cell
Like an animal cell, a typical plant cell has a cell surface membrane, cytoplasm, and a nucleus. However, plant cells differ from animal cells in several ways:

• 
  most plant cells have a large sap-filled cavity called the vacuole. Sap is a watery fluid containing salts and sugars. The vacuole surrounded by a membrane called the tonoplast.
  
• 
  the cytoplasm contains starch grains, the food storage products of plants
  
• 
  many plant cells have chloroplasts in the cytoplasm. These contain the pigments used in photosynthesis. Chlorophyll, which is green, is the main pigment. Chloroplasts occur only in the parts of plants exposed to light – the green parts. They are absent from underground structures such as roots.
  

■ Glossary of essential terms for you to know

№	English	Russian	Uzbek
1	Cork	Пробка	Daraxt pokagi
2	honeycomb	соты пчелиные	chuqurchalar
3	Cell	Клетка	Hujayra
4	to embody	воплощать, олицетворять	mujassamlashtirmoq
5	to enclose	Окружать	ilova qilmoq
6	contents	Содержимое	tarkibi
7	surface	Поверхность	yuzasi
8	membrane	Мембрана	membrana
9	nucleus	Ядро	yadrosi
10	to surround	Окружать	o'rab olish
11	cytoplasm	Цитоплазма	sitoplazma
12	fibrous	волокнистый, фиброзный	tolali
13	division	Деление	bo'linish
14	to scatter	разбрасывать, рассыпать	sochmoq
15	to supply	обеспечивать, снабжать	etkazib berish

■ Your Essential Assignments
I. Quick check
1. Briefly state the main concept of the cell theory.
2. List the features:
a) that only animal cells have
b) that only plant cells have
c) that both animal and plant cells have.


II. Fill in the missing words:

Term (verb)	Noun	Adjective
Exist	.......	.......
Store	.......	.......
Form	.......	.......
divide	.......	.......
Act	.......	.......
Suit	.......	.......
differ	…..	……

III. Use monolingual English dictionary and write down what could the words given below mean:
surface, honeycomb, cavity, plant, sap.
IV. Match these words with their definitions:

1.	Cell	A.	a scientific instrument that makes extremely small things look larger
2.	to observe	B.	the amount of a substance that is contained in something
3.	microscope	C.	the contents consist of a central ball-shaped nucleus surrounded by material
4.	metabolism	D.	parts of plants that can you eat but cannot digest, which help food to move quickly through your body
5.	independent	E.	the central part of an atom, made up of neutrons, protons, and other elementary particles
6.	contents	F.	to watch something or someone carefully
7.	nucleus	G.	in something
8.	cytoplasm	H.	the act of keeping or putting something in a special place while is not being used
9.	Fibre	I.	the chemical reactions of life
10.	inside	J.	existing separately and not connecting with or influenced by any others
11.	storage	K.	the green-coloured substance in plants
12.	chlorophyll	L.	the smallest part of a living thing that can exist independently

V. Give Russian equivalents to the following English terms:

№	English term	Uzbek equivalent
1	a compound light microscope
2	to serve structures
3	to have certain features in common
4	the basic units of life
5	the cell theory
6	the functioning unit of life
7	it takes place in cells
8	independent existence
9	a typical animal cell
10	a cell surface membrane
11	а ball-shaped nucleus
12	a fibrous material
13	inside the cell
14	small rod-like structures
15	a food storage
16	a sap-filled cavity
17	starch grains
18	exposed to light

VI. Find synonyms among the pool of words:

Pool of words	Synonyms
1) 1.occur /2.scatter /3. take place /4. Spread
2) 1.cavity /2.sap /3.juice /4.contents /5.hole /6.ingredients
3) 1.nucleus/2.division/3.core/4.naked/5.separation/6. bare
4) 1.unit /2.part /3.fluid /4.grain /5.solution /6.corn

VII. Answer the following questions. Use all information given before:

1. 
   When were cells discovered?
   
2. 
   How did Robert Hooke discover cells?
   
3. 
   What is called the cell theory?
   
4. 
   What are the main ideas of the cell theory?
   
5. 
   What is the structure of a typical animal cell?
   
6. 
   How do plant cells differ from animal cells?
   

VIII. Match the sentence halves. Make complete sentences:

1.	Hooke designed his own compound light microscope	A.	a membrane is called the tonoplast.
2.	The concept that cells are the basic units of life	B.	of living organisms.
3.	Cells form the building blocks	C.	which controls their activities.
4.	Cells arise only by	D.	to observe structures too small to be seen with the naked eye.
5.	Cells contain inherited information	E.	called chromatin.
6.	The contents consist of a central ball-shaped nucleus	F.	the division of existing cells.
7.	The nucleus contains a fibrous material	G.	called the vacuole.
8.	Chromatin contains DNA, the material which controls	H.	became embodied in a theory called the cell theory.
9.	Most plant cells have a large sap-filled cavity	I.	surrounded by material called cytoplasm.
10.	The vacuole surrounded by	J.	in the cytoplasm.
11.	Many plant cells have chloroplasts	K.	the various activities inside the cell.
12.	Chloroplasts occur only in the parts of plants	L.	exposed to light – the green parts.

IX. Read and translate the short text without any dictionary:
Fact of life:
Robert Hooke described his observations of the cork cells: “I counted several lines of these pores, and found that there were usually about three-score of these small Cells placed end-ways in the eighteenth part of an inch in length, whence I concluded that there must be near eleven hundred of them, or somewhat more than a thousand in length of an inch and therefore in a square inch above a Million, or 1 166 400, and in a Cubick Inch, above twelve hundred million, or 1 259 712 000, a thing almost incredible, did not our Microscope assure us of it by ocular demonstration.

Test
1. Which of the following scientists contributed to the cell theory?

a) Rudolf Virchow, Albert Einstein, Anton van Leuwenhoek
b) Matthais Schleiden, Theodor Schwann, Rudolf Virchow
c) Robert Hooke, Charles Darwin, Anton von Leuwenhoek
d) George Clooney, Matthais Schleiden, Charlie Sheen
2. Which of the following scientists concluded that all ANIMALS are made of cells?
a) Rudolf Virchow
b) Matthais Schleiden
c) Robert Hooke
d) Theodor Schwann
3. Which of the following statements is NOT part of the cell theory?
a) Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in all living things.
b) All cells are produced from other cells.
c) Only animal cells are composed of cells.
d) All living things are composed of cells.
4. The invention of the microscope made it possible for people to discover and learn about
a) Plants
b) Skin 
c) Animals 
d) Cells
5. What is one way in which all living things on Earth are alike?
a) All living things have hair.
b) All living things are made of cells and come from other cells.
c) The cells of all living things have chloroplast.
D) All living things can move. 
6. The basic unit of life is called a (n)
a) atom
b) compound
c) cell
d) energy
7. The first part of the Cell Theory states: "What happens in Cell Theory, stay in Cell Theory."
a)True
b) False
8. When observing cells, which of the following optical tools is most appropriate?
a) Hand lens
b) Telescope
c) Petri dish
d) Microscope
9. Why are microscopes important when studying most cells?
a) Most cells are very large.
b) Most cells are very small.
c) Most cells move very quickly.
d) Most cells are dead.
10. The third part of cell theory states: "All cells come from existing cells."
a) False
b) True