Lesson academic fields; Present Perfect Tense Read the text Academic field

Lesson 4. Eli Whitney and cotton gin. Object.


Eli Whitney and cotton gin
Eli Whitney (December 8, 1765 - January 8, 1825) was an American inventor, pioneer, mechanical engineer, and manufacturer. He is best remembered as the inventor of the cotton gin. Whitney also affected the industrial development of the United States when, in manufacturing muskets for the government, he applied the idea of interchangeable parts toward a manufacturing system that gave birth to the American mass-production concept.
Whitney saw that a machine to clean the seed from cotton could make the South prosperous and make its inventor rich. He set to work at once and soon constructed a crude model that separated cotton fiber from seed. After perfecting his machine he filed an application for a patent on June 20, 1793; in February 1794, he deposited a model at the U.S. Patent Office, and on March 14, he received his patent. Whitney's gin brought the South prosperity, but the unwillingness of planters to pay for its use, together with the ease with which the gin could be pirated, put Whitney's company out of business by 1797.
When Congress refused to renew his patent, which expired in 1807, Whitney concluded that "an invention can be so valuable as to be worthless to the inventor." He never patented his later inventions, one of which was a milling machine. His genius—as expressed in tools, machines, and technological ideas—made the southern United States dominant in cotton production and the northern states a bastion of industry. Although he made his fortune in musket production, Whitney's name will be forever linked to his cotton gin.
Activity 1. Look at the pictures and share your ideas with group.
A B

Dyeing and printing are processes employed in the conversion of raw textile fibers into finished goods that add much to the appearance of textile fabrics.

Most forms of textile materials can be dyed at almost any stage. Quality woolen goods are frequently dyed in the form of loose fiber, but top dyeing or cheese dyeing is favored in treating worsteds. Manufacturers prefer piece dyeing, which allows stocking of white goods, reducing the risk of being overstocked with cloth dyed in colours that have not been ordered.
The dye used depends on the type of material and the specific requirements to be met. For some purposes, high light fastness is essential; but for others it may be inconsequential. Factors considered in dye selection include fastness to light, reaction to washing and rubbing (crocking), and the cost of the dyeing process. Effective preparation of the material for dyeing is essential.
Textile printing is one branch of textile wet processing technology. It is one kind of dyeing. Printing is carried out after pre-treatment of fabric or after dyeing of the fabric. It is the process of applying color to fabric in definite patterns or designs. In properly printed fabrics the color is bonded with the fiber, so as to resist washing and friction. Textile printing is related to dyeing but, whereas in dyeing proper the whole fabric is uniformly covered with one color, in printing one or more colors are applied to it in certain parts only, and in sharply defined patterns.