Lesson what are the properties of water? Choose the correct answer
Download 60.8 Kb.
|
GD-169-22 yakuniy testlar
|
++++
5. _____________ vary widely in density, porosity, and permeability, depending upon degree of consolidation and development of permeable zones after deposition. Rocks
Limestones ==== Stones ==== Sand and Streams ++++ 6. Those most important _________ contain sizable proportions of the original rock which have been dissolved and removed. # aquifers ==== geology ==== latitudes ==== grades ++++ 7. Openings in limestone may range from microscopic original pores to a large ________ caverns forming subterranean channels sufficiently large to carry the entire flow of a stream. deposition ==== consolidation ==== proportion ==== # solution ++++ 8. The term _________ , has been applied to a stream which disappears completely underground in a limestone terrene. lost ocean ==== lost sea ==== # lost river ==== lost lake ++++ 9. ________ springs are frequently found in limestone areas. Small ==== #Large ==== Big ==== Huge ++++ 10. _________ of calcium carbonate by water causes prevailingly hard ground water to be found in limestone aquifers;… . The deposition ==== The consolidation ==== The proportion ==== # The solution ++++ 11. Also, by dissolving the _____, water tends to increase the pore space and permeability with time. stream ==== # rock ==== hard ==== pore ++++ 12. Ultimate development of a limestone _______ forms a karts region, where subterranean drainage through the limestone creates large ground water reservoirs. # terrene ====
==== dissolve ==== subterranean ++++ 13. Although uncommon, _________ is another soluble rock that has been developed to a limited extent as a aquifer. # gypsum ==== karts ==== limestone ==== subterranean ++++ 14. _________ rocks may form permeable aquifers. Stream ==== # Volcanic ==== Hard ==== Pore ++++ 15. ______ flows are very permeable, corresponding to limestone’s in this regard. ==== Salt ==== Sea ==== #Basalt ==== Water ++++ 16. Other permeable zones in volcanic rocks ________ flow breccias, porous zones between lava beds, lava tubes, shrinkage cracks, and joints. involve ==== consist ==== contain ==== # include ++++ 17. Sandstone and conglomerate _____ cemented forms of sand and gravel. As such, their porosity and yield have been reduced by the cement. am ==== are ==== # are ==== - ++++ 18. The best sandstone aquifers ______ those which are only partially cemented, or those which yield water through their joints. am ==== are ==== are ==== - ++++ 19. Conglomerates have limited distribution and _____________ as aquifers. am unimportant ==== are important ==== #are unimportant ==== important ++++ 20. Crystalline and __________ rocks are relatively impermeable and are poor aquifers. # metamorphic ==== Sandstone =-== Crystalline ==== Volcanic ++++
wild purposes ==== #domestic purposes ==== domestic animals ==== poor aquifers ++++ 22. _____________ materials mixed with clay are generally porous, but their pores are so small that they may be regarded as relatively impermeable. Crystalline ==== # Clay and coarser ==== Fractured ==== Coarse and clay ++++ Clay soils have provided small domestic water supplies from shallow wells. well ==== nice ==== # wells ==== good LESSON 9. ++++ 1. The earth ___ a huge, slightly lopsided ball of rock, so enormous that we can scarcely imagine how heavy it ____. # is/is ==== am/is ==== are/is ==== are/are ++++ 2. When geologists talk of the earth as a ball of rock, they _______ mean it is solidly made up of the stones you see on a rocky beach. does not ==== # do not ==== did not ==== have not ++++ 3. Scientists actually ____ very little about the rocks deep inside the earth. knows ==== knew ==== #know ++++ have not know ++++ 4. It ____ easy to define chemical elements and the minerals they form, but it __ not easy to define the rocks of which the earth _____ made. #is/is/is ==== am/is/are ==== are/is/am ==== are/are/are ++++ 5. All life ______ out in a thin layer on, or he surface of the rocky earth or close to it. # is spread ==== am spread ==== are spread ==== aren’t spread ++++ 6. Some plants and animals make their homes two or three miles above the ______. river level ==== ocean level ==== #sea level ==== lake level ++++ 7. Others can survive at an equal depth below the surface of the ______. river ==== ocean ==== # sea ==== lake ++++ 8. But it is within this thin six-mile _____ that over 99, 99 per cent of all plants and animals live, grow, and die. atoms ==== elements ==== # layer ==== pores ++++ 9. In recent years, astronomers and geologists have shown that the story of the origin of the world ___ very ________. #is complicated ==== am complicated ==== are complicated ==== are complicate ++++ 10. Yet everyone agrees that the ______, the planet s and the sun are made of matter. law ==== sun ==== # earth ==== planet ++++ 11. Therefore, comprehension of what _____ meant by matter is the first step in understanding rocks. # is ==== am ==== are ==== - 12. Matter is anything which _______ space, has weight and can be detected by some means or another. # occupies ==== occupy ====
==== occupation ++++ 13. Each bit of matter on the _____ or in the universe attracts all other bits of matter. law ==== sun ==== # earth ==== planet ++++ This ever present attraction is ______ as gravity or gravitation. knows ==== knew ==== # known ==== have not know ++++ ? 15. All matter is made of _____ chemical elements listed in Mendeleev’s Periodical Table. 104 ==== #105 ==== 106 ==== 107 ++++ Over ____ per cent of the material in the earth is made of about 30 lightest elements. 69 ==== 79 ==== 89 ==== # 99 ++++ 17. All our ______ are also made of these 30 light elements. stream ==== # rocks ==== hard === pore ++++ If the sun and the other stars are included, the two lightest elements – “_______” – make up nearly all of the matter in the universe. hydrogen ==== oxygen ==== helium ==== # hydrogen and helium ++++ 19. On the hot surface of the sun, most ______ (the smallest particles of an element) are independent of each other. # atoms ==== rocks ==== hards ==== pores ++++ 20. On the _______ atoms usually combine to form molecules. star ==== sun ==== # earth ==== planet ++++ 21. Sometimes two or more _______ of the same kind will join together. #atoms ==== elements ==== molecules ==== pores ++++
# Atoms ==== Elements ==== Molecules ==== Pores ++++ 23. More often, two or more different _______ unite, forming a molecule made of several kinds of atoms. atoms ==== # elements ==== molecules ==== pores ++++ 24. A hundred or more kinds of ______ can combine in millions of different ways. #atoms ==== elements ==== molecules ==== pores ++++ 25. In each case a different _______ is formed. atom ==== element ==== # molecule ==== pore ++++ 26. Living things contain large, complex _____________. atoms ====
==== #molecules ==== pores ++++ 27. Nearly all of them include atoms of _______ joined with atoms of hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorus. atoms ==== elements ==== molecules ==== # carbon ++++ 28. In the crust of the earth, _____ or so lightest elements have joined together to make thousands upon thousands of different molecules. 60 ==== 50 ==== 40 ==== #30 ++++ 29. These _________ form chemicals which occur naturally in the crust of the earth. atoms ==== elements ==== #molecules ==== carbon ++++ 30. When these natural chemicals have a definite crystal structure and are not formed in or by living things, they are then called __________. atoms ==== elements ==== molecules ==== # minerals ++++
atoms ==== elements ==== molecules ==== #minerals ++++ 31. These common kinds _____ made mainly of eight elements: oxygen, silicon, aluminium, iron, calcium, sodium, potassium and magnesium. is ==== am ==== # are ==== - ++++ 32. These eight ______, joined together in various ways, make up nearly 99 per cent of the crust or outer part of the earth. atoms
# elements ==== molecules ==== minerals LESSON 11. ++++ 1. One of the most urgent environmental problems in the world today ____ the shortage of clean water. # is ==== am ==== are ==== D) - ++++ 2. There ______ large differences in per capita water consumption between different countries. is ==== am ==== # are ==== - ++++ 3. A comfortable lifestyle (with flush toilets, washing machines and public swimming pools) _______ a lot of water. use ==== # uses ==== used ==== using ++++ 4. A lavish lifestyle (with automatic car wash machines, Jacuzzis and backyard swimming pools) _______ many times more. use ==== #uses ==== used ==== using ++++ 5. The average Kenyan uses five liters of water a day, the average American ___ 1,000. use #uses
used ==== using ++++ 6. More and more _______ in the world are adopting a western lifestyle. man ==== person ==== # people ==== woman 7. So even if _______ growth stops, the water shortage will get worse. pupil ==== # population ==== people ==== paper ++++ 8. Access to clean drinking water is a basic __________ right. pupil ==== #population ==== people ==== human ++++ 9. But _____ rain, industrial pollution and sewage dumping have made many sources of water undrinkable. #acid ====- element ==== molecule ==== mineral ++++ 10. ________, reservoirs and even entire seas have become vast pools of poison. River ==== Ocean ==== Sea ==== # Lakes ++++ 11. _______ Baikal in Russia is one of the largest lakes in the world. River ==== Ocean ==== Sea ==== # Lake ++++ 12. It is also one of the most beautiful. The local _____ call it the Holy Sea. pupil ==== population ==== # people ==== human ++++ 13. The Holy Sea contains a rich variety of animals and plants, including _______ rare species that do not exist anywhere else in the world. 1,000 ==== 1,100 ==== 1,200 ==== # 1,300 ++++ 14. But they are being destroyed by the massive volumes of industrial effluents which ______ into the lake every day. atoms ==== elements ==== molecules ==== # pour ++++ 15. Even where laws existed, the government did not have the ____ to enforce them. toms ==== elements ==== molecules ==== # power ==== 16. Most _________ simply ignored the regulations. atoms ==== laws ==== #industries ==== pores ++++ 17. The Mediterranean _______ occupies 1 percent of the world's water surface. river ==== ocean ==== # sea ==== lake ++++ But it is the dumping-ground for 50 percent of all marine __________. pupil ==== population ==== people ==== # pollution ++++ 19. __________ countries border on the Mediterranean. fifteen ==== # sixteen ==== seventeen ==== eighteen ++++ 20. Almost all of them regularly dump shiploads of industrial waste a few miles offshore. 21. Sewage effluents pour into the sea only meters from popular bathing beaches. 22. In 1975, the United Nations Environment Program brought together these 16 countries and drew up the Mediterranean Action Plan. 23. The countries agreed to stop dumping from ships and to reduce sewage pollution. 24. In the 1950s, Japanese factories dumped waste containing mercury into the sea at Minamata Bay. 25. Over 2,000 people developed brain damage and 40 of them died. 26. These tragic examples should teach us that the ocean is neither a garbage can nor a toilet. 27. Sewage is a rich source of micronutrients, which are essential for the growth of plants and animals. 28. Sewage sludge, and fertilizers washed off the land, increases the concentration of micronutrients (particularly nitrates) in the sea to dangerous levels. 29. Plankton (tiny plants that float near the surface of the water) becomes so numerous that they cut out the light to deeper parts of the sea. 30. This endangers plants that grow on the sea bed, which need the sun's light for photosynthesis. 31. Seaweed is also very sensitive to changes in the level of micronutrients in coastal waters. 32. One or two species of algae (seaweed) can outgrow all the other species. 33. Overgrowth of algae can cause slimy, smelly, ugly deposits on beaches. 34. Occasionally algae produce poisonous toxins that can kill fish or cause skin rashes in swimmers. 35. We condemn deliberate pollution of the water supply by industrial waste and sewage dumping. 36. But we are usually impressed by "developments" such as huge dams, dikes and irrigation schemes. 37. These are often magnificent feats of civil engineering. They cost a lot of money and use modem materials and equipment. 38. We often assume that the people who plan and build these systems know what effect they will have on the environment. 39. In fact, many dams and irrigation schemes have been environmental disasters. 40. Three quarters of the world's water is used to irrigate crops, so inefficient or extravagant irrigation schemes can cripple a region's water supply. 41. The Aral Sea in Uzbekistan was once the fourth-biggest lake in the world. It is now less than half the size it was in 1965. 42. Badly planned irrigation schemes have taken water from the rivers that fed the Aral Sea. 43. In addition, overuse of pesticides on the cotton crops nearby has polluted the water with toxic chemicals. 44. Great damage was caused to the Nile Valley by Egypt's Assuan Dam. 45. In some cases, major water diversion projects began because a new technology became available and governments wanted to demonstrate their new-found power over nature. 46. Dams can also be a direct political tool. 47. Rivers often flow through one country to get to another, so the first country can potentially control the flow of water into the second. 48. Turkey has recently built several dams across the river Euphrates, and has already used these darns to restrict the water flowing through to Iraq and Syria. 49. It has also signed an agreement to sell water to Israel. 50. "Development" projects can also make soil erosion worse. 51. Forests and grasslands in a river valley soak up water after heavy rains and slowly release it back into streams and rivers. 52. This prevents the valley from becoming dry and dusty in the months without rain. 53. In addition, vegetation also prevents erosion by holding the particles of soil together. 54. If there is no vegetation, the soil crumbles away and is washed into the rivers as silt. 55. Rivers become clogged with sediment. 56. Lakes change from clear, blue pools into thick, muddy puddles. 57. The destruction of rainforests, and intensive farming practices (such as heavy grazing of cattle and excessive plowing with powerful machines) both increase soil erosion. 58. Because of deforestation and modern farming methods, the sediment load of the Yellow River in China is 1.6 billion metric tons per year, and that of the Ganges is 1.455 billion metric tons. 59. The traditional farming methods used by primitive communities may seem inefficient, but the sediment loss from these methods is tiny. 60. The best things in life are free. But because water is free, we often take it for granted. 61. A few years ago, people thought that the supply of clean water in the world was limitless. 62. Today, many water supplies have been ruined by pollution and sewage.
63. Others have dried up because we have diverted the water for hydroelectricity or badly-planned irrigation projects. 64. The destruction of forests and grasslands has increased soil erosion. 65. Clean water is now scarce, and we are at last beginning to respect this precious resource. 66. Like other environmental resources, the clean water that remains is the property of our children and grandchildren. For their sake, we must fight to protect what is left of the water supply. LESSON 12. Download 60.8 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: 
|