M. Iriskulov, A. Kuldashev a course in Theoretical English Grammar Tashkent 2008

SENTENCE TYPOLOGY IN COGNITIVE GRAMMAR: CLAUSE
TYPES AND CLAUSE STRUCTURE
 
J.R. Taylor proposes the sentence typology: all the sentences can be classed 
into single clauses and constructions which are built as combinations of clauses. 
The main criterion for further division becomes the degree of integration between 
clauses. The merit of this classification is that it is based on correlation between 
formal syntactic properties of the sentences and processes of conceptual operations 
(basically, conceptual integration) which enable the creation of the sentences. The 
classification is also aimed to show that the distinctions between clause types form 
a continuum rather than discreet categories, which somehow reflects the work of 
the human mind.
The notion “clause” is understood as a syntactic structure which designates a 
single process and should be distinguished from clause fusion – a case of clause 
combination, based on conceptual and syntactic integration, though both the 
structures reveal the “syntax of the simple sentence”. Compare: These cars are 
expensive. These cars are expensive to repair. The clause fusion construction can 
be “unpacked” into two independent clauses, designating two different processes.
C l a u s e s, c l a u s e s t r u c t u r e 
J.R. Taylor defines the clause as a linguistic structure that designates a 
process, created through the elaboration of the participants in a temporal relation. 
He observes the internal structure of the clause – its participants, the semantic role 
of the participants, and their syntactic expression, in relation to the kinds of 
situations (processes) that clauses designate. The said properties are the basic 
parameters of clause classification.
According to the process type clauses are classed into those which 
designate: 
- dynamic processes (processes in which something happens, they are change-of-
state processes (1-3) and energy input processes (4-5)),
e.g.: 1.The house collapsed.
2. The farmer shot the rabbit.
3. I gave Peter the book. 
4. The telephone rang. 
5. The light flashed. 
- stative processes (there is neither energy input, nor change; a situation simply 
exists, where certain properties are attributed to an entity (6-7), the disposition of 
one entity with respect to the other is stated (8-9), an entity is identified (10-11)), 
e.g.: 6. The book is 200 pages long.
7.The book is boring. 
8. The road follows the river. 
9. The picture hangs above the sofa. 
10. The cat is the one that stole the liver. 
11. The photographer was Beryl. 

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- cognitive processes (mental and perceptual processes, which can be described in 
terms of dynamic cognitive processes (12-13) and stative cognitive processes (14-
15)),
e.g.: 12. I watched the film. 
13. The noise frightened me. 
14. I liked the film. 
15. I’m afraid of the dark. 
-complex processes (processes which are made up of 2 or more component 
processes), 
e.g.: 16. Jane returned the book to the library. 
17. They elected him president. 
18. I broke the vase. 
(The analysis of complex processes in terms of component processes is justified in 
that it is sometimes possible to focus on just one component in contrast to the 
process in its totality, e.g.:
19. I almost broke the vase. 
20. They didn’t elect Joe president.)
According to the number of participants clauses are classed into one-