M. Iriskulov, A. Kuldashev a course in Theoretical English Grammar Tashkent 2008

IV. Syntagmatic and paradigmatic patterning.
The sentence and the phrase as particular syntactic patterns are traditionally 
viewed as standing to one another in two types of relations: syntagmatic and 
paradigmatic. 
Syntagmatic relations are immediate linear relations between units in a sequence,
e.g.: The book was sold at a great reduction in price.
In this sentence syntagmatically connected are the words: “was sold”, “at a
reduction in price”, “at a great reduction” etc. 

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Paradigmatic relations exist between elements of the system outside the strings 
where they co-occur. Paradigmatics finds its expression in a system of 
oppositions, for example sentences of various functional destination can be 
viewed as opposed to each other: question as opposed to statement, negation as 
opposed to affirmation (about syntactic oppositions read in the book by M.Y. 
Bloch p.286).
Syntactic oppositions are realized by correlated sentence patterns, the 
relations between which can be described as transformations. Some of the patterns 
are base patterns, others are their transformations, for example, a question can be 
described as produced from a statement, e.g.: He is interested in sports. Is he 
interested in sports? A negation produced from an affirmation, e.g.: He is 
interested in sports.  He is not interested in sports. 
Paradigmatics can be understood as syntactic derivation of more complex 
pattern-constructions out of basic or kernel pattern-constructions. There are two 
types of derivational relations in the paradigmatic system: 
1) the constructional relations 
2) the predicative relations. 
The constructional derivation effects the formation of more complex clausal 
structures out of simpler ones. Kernel sentences can undergo changes into clauses 
(the process of clausalization) and phrases (the process of phrasalization). For 
example, the two kernel sentences “They departed from the city” and “They started 
a new life” produce the following constructions, which demonstrate clausalization: 
1) As they departed from the city, they started a new life; 
2) If they depart from the city they shall start a new life; 
3) They departed from the city, and they started a new life; 
4) They departed from the city, but they did not start a new life. 
These kernel sentences also produce constructions, which demonstrate 
phrasalization: 
1) On their departure from the city (a case of complete nominalization) they 
started a new life; 
2) They departed from the city to start a new life (a case of partial 
nominalization); 
3) They departed from the city starting a new life (a case of partial 
nominalization); 
4) Having departed from the city, they started a new life ( participal 
construction of adverbial status).
The predicative derivation realizes the formation of predicatively different 
units, and is responsible for the expression of the predicative semantics of the 
sentence. 
So, kernel sentences undergo structural modification, which expresses the 
predicative functions of the sentence, e.g.: He has done the job. -> He has not 
done the job. 
In this respect the kernel sentence is the simplest construction both in the 
notional and functional sense, that is it is an elementary sentence which is non-
interrogative, non-imperative, non-negative, non-modal. 

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Thus, the main units of syntax, phrases and sentences, enter the system of 
language by their syntactic patterns. Syntactic patterns are explicated in 
syntagmatic and paradigmatic patterning.