Questions and tasks for discussion
1. What type of meaning is called “referential”?
2. What can you say about the exiting models of linguistic description?
3. What is the essence of the functional approach in language analysis?
4. What characteristics of language as a functional system?
5. What characteristics of the notions “system” and “structure” and other
linguistic units?
PRAGMATICS. SPEECH ACT THEORY. DISCOURSE ANALYSIS
The term 'pragmatics' was first introduced by Charles Morris, a philosopher.
He contrasts pragmatics with semantics and syntax. He claims that syntax is the
study of the grammatical relations of linguistic units to one another and the
grammatical structures of phrases and sentences that result from these grammatical
relation, semantics is the study of the relation of linguistic units to the objects they
denote, and pragmatics is the study of the relation of linguistic units to people who
communicate.
This view of pragmatics is too broad because according to it, pragmatics
may have as its domain any human activity involving language, and this includes
almost all human activities, from baseball to the stock market. We will proceed
from the statement that linguistic pragmatics is the study of the ability of language
users to pair sentences with the context in which they would be appropriate. What
do we mean by 'appropriate context'?
In our everyday life we as a rule perform or play quite a lot of different roles
- a student, a friend, a daughter, a son, a client, etc. When playing different roles
our language means are not the same - we choose different words and expressions
suitable and appropriate for the situation. We use the language as an instrument for
our purposes. For instance,
(a) What are you doing here? We're talking
(b) What the hell are you doing here? We're chewing the rag
have the same referential meaning but their pragmatic meaning is different, they
are used in different contexts. Similarly, each utterance combines a propositional
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