Maharashtra
Socio-economic conditions
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- Socio economic profile at a glance 3 Items Year (2010-11)
- Hazards Impacts
- Districts Flood Earthquake Cyclone Drought
- 2.10 Fire accidents 5
- 2.11 Major Disasters a) Man-Made 10
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1.8 Socio-economic conditions 4 Although Maharashtra is a highly industrialised state of India, agriculture continues to be the main occupation of the people. About 61% of the people directly or indirectly depend on agriculture and allied activities for their livelihood. Principal crops of the state are rice, jowar, bajra, wheat, tur, mung, urad, gram and other pulses. Maharashtra is a major producer of oilseeds like groundnut, sunflower, soyabean etc. Major cash crops of the state are cotton, sugarcane, turmeric and vegetables. Horticulture has a very important place in this state. Varieties of fruits like mango, orange, banana, grape, cashew nut etc. are produced in this Page 12 of 31
state. The Nagpur oranges and Alphonso mangoes are very famous. There were about 10.91 lakh hectares of land under horticulture. Fishing is an important activity of this state. Socio economic profile at a glance 3 Items Year (2010-11) Total Population (In thousands) 1,12,373 Male Population (In thousands) 58,361 Female Population (In thousands) 54,012
Rural Population (In thousands) 61,545 Urban Population (In thousands) 50,828
Density of population (per sq. km.) 365 Literacy rate (percentage) 82.9 Sex ratio (Females per thousand males) 925
Percentage of urban population 45.2
Percentage of rural population 54.8
Birth Rate 16.7
Death Rate 6.5
Infant mortality rate 25
Decadal growth (per cent) 16.0
Net area sown (in ‘000 ha.) 17,406
2. DISASTER RISK PROFILE 5 2.1 Vulnerability of the State 5 Maharashtra is prone to various disasters such as drought, floods, cyclones, earthquake and accidents. While low rainfall areas of the state are under the constant risk of droughts, high rainfall zones of eastern and western Maharashtra are prone to flash floods and landslides. The Koyna reservoir and surroundings fall under the high risk of earthquake hazards. Similarly, Industrial belt of Pune, Mumbai and Nashik are prone to the risk of accident and industrial hazards. Other disasters like fire and road accidents occur in congested areas lacking proper infrastructure. The state has suffered huge losses, both direct and indirect, caused by various disasters. For example, the infamous Latur earthquake of 1993, resulted in the loss of several thousands of human and animal lives. In addition, it caused damage to entire infrastructure such as buildings, roads, railways, pipelines, and electricity network, etc. In order to avoid such losses due to disasters, the GoM has established a mechanism for disaster preparedness and mitigation by integrating science and technology with communication network facilitates. Page 13 of 31
Many areas of the State have faced droughts for consecutive years, which damaged agriculture and caused water shortage in more than 20,000 villages. The disaster vulnerability and district-wise vulnerability of the state is given in the following tables Table showing the hazards and its impacts in the State 5
Hazards Impacts Floods
The rivers, which cause flood in the state, are the Tapi, Wardha and occasionally the Pen- Ganga. The eastern parts of the state are prone to floods. The 1996 flood in the state destroyed 2,899 lakh hectares of land, killing 198 people and 38 cattle. Droughts The Deccan plateau constitutes 50 percent of the drought-prone areas of the state. 12 percent of the population lives in drought-prone areas. Once in 5 years, deficient rainfall is reported. Severe drought conditions occur once every 8-9 years. The 1996 drought affected 7 districts and 266.75 lakh people. The 1997 drought affected 17 districts. Earthquakes Latur in Maharashtra experienced a number of shocks between August and October 1992. An earthquake measuring 6.4 on the Richter scale shook Latur on September 30, 1993. Extensive damage was caused to life and property in the districts of Latur and Dharashiv. The earthquake killed 7,938 people, injured 16,000, and left 15,847 livestock dead. 52 villages were razed to the ground and around 27,000 houses were totally damaged. The Koyna dam is situated in one of the most active seismic zones of Maharashtra and in 35 years this region has witnessed more than one lakh tremors. A severe quake occurred in Koyna on December 11, 1967. The quake was the strongest earthquake on Maharashtra Konkan coast in the 20th century. The magnitude ranged between 6.5 and 7.5 on the Richter scale and was felt all over western Maharashtra, Goa and Karnataka; the epicentre was near the Koyna Dam. Over 200 people died and hundreds more were injured. An earthquake measuring 3.7 on the Richter scale hit Maharashtra Koyna region as recently as March 2001.
Table showing the district wise vulnerability of the State 5
Flood Earthquake Cyclone Drought Ahmednagar
3% of the population lives in flood prone areas
83
% of
human settlements are in areas with non-specific building codes
Yes Yes
Akola Patur taluka has the largest flood-prone area (57%),
followed by
Barsi Takli (48%), Akot (45%), Balapur (40%) etc Yes
No Yes
Amravati Flood-prone along the Wardha river; eight floods in the last 15 years Yes
No Yes
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Beed Flood-prone: almost 26 % of the population lives in
flood-prone areas
Yes No
Yes Bhandara Flood-prone along the Vainganga river Yes No
Yes Chandrapur Flood-prone; 12 major floods in last 30 years causing 47 deaths and loss of Rs 3400 lakhs Minor seismic activity No
Yes Dhule
170 villages identified as flood-prone every year Yes
No Yes
Gadchiroli Three major floods in the last 10 years; 9.89 % of the population lives in flood-prone areas Probability increased after the Jabalpur earthquake No
Yes Jalna
7 floods in the last 30 years; 196 villages flood prone Weak zone possibility after the Marathwada earthquake of 1993 No Yes
Kolhapur Severe floods in 1989 and 1994; 188 riverside villages are prone to flood Earthquakes with epicentres in the
adjoining districts affected villages in 1967-68 and 1993-94 Indicated in zone IV: very high probability; massive earthquake in 1993
No Yes
Mumbai Yes
Yes Yes
No Nagpur
Flood-prone during
monsoons. Seven major floods in the last 30 years. 13 % of the population lives in
flood-prone areas. Vainganga and Wardha river basins are earthquake-prone. Total population at risk: 3,66,631. Recorded tremors of 4.2 on the Richter scale during the Jabalpur earthquake No Yes
Nanded History
of frequent floods due to heavy rainfall and release of water from irrigation projects Yes Likelihood of cyclones because of
proximity to
Andhra Pradesh
Yes Page 15 of 31
Nashik Three major flood-prone areas: Chandori, Saikheda, Niphad; 38.33 % of the population lives in
flood-prone areas
Two earthquakes on the same day in 1993 (5.2 and 4.5 on the Richter scale); frequent tremors around Kalwan taluka from 1995 onwards No
Yes Parbhani Yes Yes
No Yes
Pune Yes
Tremors felt during all major earthquakes that affected western and Marathwada regions of the state and also during the Gujarat earthquake No
Yes Raigad
Yes Yes
Yes Yes
Ratnagiri Possibility of river
floods in the monsoon The
Koynagar earthquake of 1967
affected Chiplun
and Sangameshwar talukas killing three people. Chances of future earthquakes are rare. 167
km coastline could attract cyclones. No
major cyclones in the past. No
Sangli Flood-prone. 15 floods in the last 30 years Vulnerable to earthquake. Severe earthquake in 1967 (6 on the Richter scale); in 1993 (5.5 on the Richter scale) No
Yes Satara
Possible monsoon
floods Strong
possibility of
earthquake. Also reservoir-induced seismicity No
Yes Sindhudurg Prone to floods due to high rainfall and rush of seawater during high tide
Yes No
Yes Solapur
Possibility of floods. Major flood on the Bhima river in 1996 Tremors felt during the 1967 Koyna earthquake. 11
dead during the 1993 Latur earthquake. Included as seismic zone II No Common
Thane Yes
Yes No
Yes Wardha
Great threat of floods. Major flood in 1994 Yes No
Yes Yavatmal Heavy floods in 1994 Yes
No Yes
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In Maharashtra, floods mainly result from damage to the dam embankments, release of excessive water from dams, improper storm-water drainage systems and unplanned urbanisation. Increased migration and rising population due to urbanisation exerts tremendous pressure on the existing storm-water drains in the cities.
Flood 5 More than two lakh hectares of land in Maharashtra is prone to floods and Patur taluka in Akola district has the largest flood prone area in the State. Nanded and Nashik are frequently affected by floods in the monsoons. The eastern parts of the state are more prone to floods. The Tapi, Wardha and occasionally the Pen Ganga are the rivers causing floods in the State. The 1996 floods in the state destroyed 2,899 lakh hectares of land, killing 198 people and 38 cattle. In some cities like Mumbai land reclamation over the years has disturbed the natural drainage system. Therefore, city’s low-lying areas are under the threats of floods even if there are minor rains. In Mumbai, there are 111 places in the city, 26 in Mumbai city district, and 73 in the eastern suburbs and 12 in the western suburbs that were identified in 1993 as flood prone areas. On July 26, Mumbai's suburbs were hit by 949 millimeters (37 inches) of rainfall, the heaviest downpour in a century. This resulted in heavy floods killing at least 900 people and huge damage to property. 2.3 Drought 5 About 50 percent of the drought prone areas of Maharashtra are in the Deccan Plateau. About 90 per cent of the land in the state has basaltic rock, which is non- porous and prevents rainwater percolation into the ground and thus makes the area drought prone. 2.4 Earthquake 5 Earthquakes in Maharashtra are showing major alignment along the west coast and Western Ghats region. Seismic activity can be seen near Ratnagiri, along the western coast, Koyna Nagar, Batas and Surry areas of Thane district. In north Maharashtra, the seismic activities near Dhule, Akola, Jalgaon and Amravati could be due to movements on the faults present in the area associated with the complex system of Narmada, Tapi and Purna. In north-east corner of Maharashtra, the earthquake activities in Nagpur and Bhandara districts may be associated with Deolapar thrust or sheared and faulted zones of Ramtek and Sakoli Basins.
Landslides occur, mainly due to vertical cutting of hills, for construction of houses, roads, railway lines, etc. In absence of proper embankment material, heavy rains lead to falling of earth matter and debris. Most cases of landslides occur during heavy rains associated with high velocity winds. Many regions in the state face the risk of landslides due to increased
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pressure on land. For example, in Greater Mumbai region, many vacant sites on hill slopes or bottoms of hills have turned into inhabited area and thereby become vulnerable to landslides. Landslides sometimes result in loss of human lives and damage to structures such as houses and roadways.
Cyclones 5 However, the coastal districts, especially the 167 km long coastlines along Ratnagiri can be hit by cyclones. In the Arabian Sea, during the period 1890-1995, around 207 depressions, mild cyclonic storms or severe cyclonic storms have been recorded. However, most of them have moved away from Maharashtra as out of 207 disturbances, only 19 have affected Maharashtra-Goa coast. Out of these 19, six were major ones causing 70 deaths, with 150 boats and 160 crew missing and extensive damage to trees and ships. Thus, in spite of having a long coastal region, Maharashtra has experienced only 6 cyclones in last 50 years, though there have been numerous threats. Thus, climatologically, the state is having low risk of cyclone.
Unnatural and manmade disasters such as road accidents, industrial accidents, fires, accidents in quarries and mines, drowning, explosion etc. may occur due to some technical blunders or man made changes in the environment. 2.8 Road accidents 5 Road accidents are common on National highways that have about 107 accident prone spots (107) with maximum spots at NH 4 i.e. Mumbai-Pune highway (51) and State highways have 50 of such spots. This highway has the maximum traffic density and the main cause of accidents on this highway apparently was due to carelessness of drivers especially during overtaking. 2.9 Industrial accidents 5 Industrial hazards occur mostly due to accidents during chemical processing, manufacturing, storage, transport and disposal of toxic waste. Thousands of industries are involved in the manufacturing, processing or storage of hazardous goods. Many of the storage godowns are in the close proximity of the residential and industrial estates, which increased the risk of fires and chemical explosions in these areas. Districts with a large number of Major Accident Hazard Units in Maharashtra are Thane, Mumbai, Nashik, Pune, Raigad and Ratnagiri. Maximum number of accidents in industries manufacturing chemical and chemical products were in Nashik, Mumbai and Thane divisions. The number of accidents recorded in the manufacture of non-metallic mineral petroleum is almost half of those recorded in the other two categories. Raigad division shows
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the maximum number of accidents due to gassing. Thane and Aurangabad had the maximum number of explosions, while fire related accidents were the highest in Nashik. The major concentration of the hazardous industries is seen in the Chembur-Trombay belt, spread over an area of about 10 sq.km, having major chemical complexes, refineries, fertiliser plants, atomic energy establishment and thermal power station. Clustering of various operating units make them highly vulnerable. This area is also in close proximity to the port activities of Mumbai Port Trust (MPT), which handles hazardous cargo. MPT has identified 32 hazardous chemicals, require frequent handling and storage during loading and unloading operations.
The fire risk can arise either from industrial processes, accidents in storage godowns or closely built timber framed buildings. Many areas in the State have faced fire accidents in godowns, during manufacturing in factories and festival seasons 2.11 Major Disasters a) Man-Made 10
Serial bomb blast, Mumbai, Mar 1993
Bomb blast in suburban trains, Mumbai, Jul 2006
Terrorist attack, Mumbai, Nov 2008 b) Industrial accidents 5 Among industrial hazards, oil and gas industry is one of the major culprits. Some of the industries are receiving crude oil through underground pipelines. These include, NOCIL, HPCL, BPCL and Patalganga. There have been incidents of underground leakages and fires. c) Earthquake 5 On several instances, earthquakes have caused severe damage in the State. A massive earthquake struck Maharashtra on September 30, 1993 at Killari in Latur district. Extensive damage was caused to life and property in the districts of Latur and Dharashiv with 7,928 people killed, 16,000 injured and 15,847 livestock killed. In Latur and Dharashiv, 52 villages were razed to ground wherein 27,000 houses, amenities and related infrastructure facilities were totally damaged. Nearly 2,20,000 houses in the adjoining villages of Latur and Dharashiv and 11 other districts of Solapur, Satara, Sangli, Beed, Parbhani, Ahmednagar, Nanded, Kolhapur, Aurangabad, Pune and Nashik suffered varying degrees of damage. A moderately strong earthquake of magnitude 5.1 Richter occurred on 14 March 2005, with its epicentre around Koyna. This area has been witnessing a large number of tremors of low magnitude consistently over a quarter of a century since the first earthquake appeared in 1968.
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Floods, though, are not a regular phenomenon, took 180 lives in 1996 and, more recently, in July 2005, about 900 people died in the Konkan Region due heavy rainfall. A severe flood hit Wardha, Yavatmal, Kolhapur and few other districts in 1994. Chandori, Saikheda and Niphad are the three major flood-prone areas in Nashik district. A series of landslides triggered by heavy monsoon rains have killed at least 418 people in Maharashtra in the month of July, 2005, and more than half of these deaths are reported from Mumbai.
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