Metall va qotishmalarning atom tuzilishi Atomlar elektron qobiqlarining tuzilishi

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Atomdagi kvant sonlar

n	L	me	ms	Qavatchadagi elektron	Maksi- Mal
1	0	0	+½;−½	2(s)
2	0	0	+½;−½	2(s)	8
	1	+1; 0; −1	+½;−½;+½;−½;+½;−½	6(p)
3	0	0	+½;−½	2(s)	18
	1	+1;0;−1	+½;−½;+½;−½;+½;−½	6(p)
	2	+2;+1;0;−1;−2	+½;−½;+½;−½;+½;−½;+½;−½;+½;−½	10(d)
4	0	0	+½;−½	2(s)	32
	1	+1;0;−1	+½;−½;+½;−½;+½;−½	6(p)
	2	+2;+1;0;−1;−2	+½;−½;+½;−½;+½;−½;+½;−½;+½;−½	10(d)
	3	+3;+2;+1;0;−1;−2;−3	+½;−½;+½;−½;+½;−½;+½;−½;+½;−½ +½;−½;+½;−½	14(f)

Nazorat uchun savollar

1. 
   Metallarning fizik va kimyoviy xossalarini ayting.
   
2. 
   Tabiatda qanday metallar ko’p uchraydi.
   
3. 
   Metallar va qotishmalar qanday usullarda olinadi.
   
4. 
   Atom tuzilishi, kvant sonlari va ularning ahamiyati nimalardan iborat.
   
5. 
   Atom orbitalari va ularning shakllarini tushuntiring.
   
6. 
   Atomlararo bog’lanish energiyasi, bog’lanish energiyasini tushuntiring.