Metaphor and Metonymy
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B. Symmetry in Functioning
15. Argument is war. THEORY AND PRACTICE IN LANGUAGE STUDIES © 2011 ACADEMY PUBLISHER 72 16. The ham sandwich around the corner wants another coffee. From the above two sentences, we can conclude like this—in a metaphor, the tenor and the vehicle enjoy equivalent positions. The relation between them is symmetrical. (argument war) Under some circumstance, we can also make sentence like ―War is argument‖. But the metonymy as presented in sentence16 is by no means symmetrical. We can only use ―ham sandwich‖ to take place of the customer we can never use it in a reversed way. Customer cannot stand for ham sandwich anyway. (Ham sandwich x the customer) IV. W ORKING M ECHANISM Some linguists regard metonymy as a subtype of metaphor while others think metonymy is contradictory to it as they are based on contradictory principles. A. Difference and Semantic Conflicts Metaphor and metonymy share something in common in their constructions and function, but they‘re quite different in working mechanism. First, though both of them involve substitution, they belong to different categories. Take A for B is a category mistake. Metonymy employs characteristics of things to help them to be recognized. It is never involved in two categories. In metaphor, there is a sense of distance between the tenor and the vehicle while the two elements involved in metonymy always belong to the same category. Most of the time, A is even a part of B. A can be used to represent B is because there is a relationship of evoke and being evoked existing between them. Although semantic differences and conflicts exist both in metaphor and metonymy, they are of different nature. B. Similarity vs. Contiguity In metonymy, the semantic link between two or more senses of a word is based on a relationship of contiguity, i.e. between the whole of something and a part of it. As a matter of fact, the expression can metonymically stand for each of its components. More generally speaking, ―contiguity is the state of being in some sort of contact such as that between a part and a whole, a container and the contents, a place and its inhabitants, etc.‖(Shu, 2003, p.89) And the concept of contiguity does not only apply to real physical or spatial contact, but also to more abstract associations such as time or cause. However, metaphor is based on ―conceived similarity between one thing from the source domain and the other from the target domain‖ (Chen, 1979, p.79). And this ―similarity‖ is always in the eyes of the beholder–―if he wants to see it, it is there; if he wants not, there is none.‖ ―The link is never objectively given as in the case metonymy, where the relation of contiguity always involves some objective link between the various senses of a word‖ (Chen, 1979, p.81-83). C. Reflections vs. References According to Gibbs, to understand metonymy depends on forming a stratified system to impose restrictions on the common knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer – 1> Identity of the metonymy; 2> Acts of the metonymy; 3> Relevant acts of the metonymy; 4> the type of act referred to. For instance, 17. While I was taking his picture, he did a Napoleon for the camera. Here ―Napoleon‖ refers to the typical posture of Napoleon. Without enough knowledge of the identity, acts and relevant acts of this person, the hearer won‘t be able to understand the referent and real meaning of this metonymy. D. Metaphor = or ≠ Metonymy Through an analytic study of metaphor and metonymy present in Homer‘s epics, Jakobson revealed a special relation between the two figures of speech. He claimed that sometimes, metaphor and metonymy could coexist in the same vehicle as applied in the sentences below. 18. Not a bright falcon was flying beyond the hills. 19. Not a fierce horse was coming at gallop to the court. In sentence18, the metaphor is present when a brave man appeared like ―a falcon flying beyond the hills‖. In sentence19, the semantic relationship is a bit ambiguous, however. The horse coming to the court implies that the man is coming, which evoked a contiguous and metonymic image of the horse and the court. Things standing for their owner; outdoors activities stand for what happens in the door. There is no need for the horse to substitute for the man: ―A brave fellow was coming at a gallop to the court, // Vasilij was walking to the porch.‖ The image of ―horse‖ is waving between metaphor and metonymy. Since in poetry, similarity is often cooperating with contiguity, any metaphor is a bit metonymic and any metonymy is a bit metaphorical as well. V. C ONCLUSION This paper makes a comprehensive analysis of metaphor and metonymy through comparing and contrasting these two important language phenomena from the perspective of structure, function and working mechanism. It takes pains to prove that these two phenomena are different from each other by nature. As their constructions are concerned, metaphor is consisted of three parts--tenor, vehicle and ground while metonymy is only constituted by the substitute and the substituted. Metaphor is to describe one thing in terms of some other thing, the tenor and the vehicle belonging to THEORY AND PRACTICE IN LANGUAGE STUDIES © 2011 ACADEMY PUBLISHER 73 two different categories with certain distance between each other; metonymy is to replace the name of one thing with another commonly associated with it, usually a part of it, the substitute and the substituted belonging to the same category. Human interactions generally prove to be much more significant than features that might be available in an ―objective‖ description of a category. Cognition and the use of language involve the access and manipulation of mental spaces, which are constructed from human perceptual experience and are extended through imaginative processes, within which metaphor and metonymy are the most significant ones. Many linguists including Lakoff, Johnson, Jakobson, Eco, etc. have made magnificent contribution to this field. Their theories provide a bridge between linguistics and our understanding of the body and brain, which has been acknowledged as coherent with other studies in cognitive language. Both metaphor and metonymy merit further research. R EFERENCES [1] Chen, Wangdao. (1979). An Introduction to Rhetoric. Shanghai: Shanghai Educational Publishing House. [2] Cui, Xiliang. (2001). Language Understanding and Cognition. Beijing: Beijing Language and Culture University Press. [3] Eco, U. (1985). The Semantics of Metaphor. In Innis, R.E. (ed.). [4] Gao, Mingkai. (Saussure, 1959/1985). Course in General Linguistics. Beijing: The Commercial Press. [5] Gibbs, R. (1994). The Poetics of the Mind. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [6] Huai, Yu. (Guiraud, Pierre 1975/1988). Semiology. Chengdu: Sichuan People‘s Publishing House. [7] Innis, R. E. (1985). Semiotics, an Introductory Anthology. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. [8] Jakobson, R. (1985). Closing Statements: Linguistics and Poetics. In Innis, R.E. (ed.). [9] Langacker, R. (1999). Concept, Image and Symbol: the Cognitive Basis of Grammar. Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter. [10] Lakoff, G. &. Johnson, M. (1980). Metaphors We Live by. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. [11] Lakoff, G. & M. Turner (1989). More Than Cool Reason: a Field Guide to Poetic Metaphor. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. [12] Marvin KLChingetal. (1980). Linguistic Perspective on Literature. Routkdge & Kegan Paul. [13] Mooij, JJA. (1876). A Study of Metaphor. Holland: North-Holland Publishing Company. [14] Ortony, Andren. (1979). Metaphor and Thought. London: London Cup. [15] Shu, Dingfang. (2003). On the Construction and Cognitive Characteristics of Metaphor and Simile. Foreign Language Teaching and Research, 1, 36. [16] Shu, Dingfang. (2000). Studies in Metaphor. Shanghai: Shanghai Educational Publishing House. [17] Wang, Yichuan. (1994). Linguistic Utopia. Kunming: Yunnan People‘s Publishing House. [18] http://www.wam.umd.edu/~mturn/www/metaphor.html [19] http://www.icsi.berkeley.edu/NTL/. Download 99.61 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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