Methodological recommendations for carrying out works of the seminar type

MINISTRY OF SCIENCE AND HIGHER EDUCATION OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

FGAOU НЕ "V.I. VERNADSKY CRIMEAN FEDERAL UNIVERSITY NAMED"

MEDICAL ACADEMY NAMED AFTER S.I. GEORGIEVSKY

(structural subdivision)

Department

Social Medicine and Public Health economy

METHODOLOGICAL RECOMMENDATIONS

FOR CARRYING OUT WORKS OF THE SEMINAR TYPE

«APPROVED»

Head of the Social Medicine and Public Health economy, professor

Tretiakova O.S. .

(Family and last names)

.

(signature)

«03» September 2019

Basic educational program: 31.05.01. “General Medicine” (code and name of OPOP)

Course

Types of lesson practical lesson

(seminar, practical lesson, laboratory work)

Discipline:

ECONOMICS

Title of discipline’s unit / topic:

Economic theory as a science

Topic curator:

(Mabiala Gilbert, Ph.D., Assoc. professor, __________________, 01/09/2019)

Discussed at the department’s meeting « 29 » August 2019 ., protocol № 7

1. Lesson purpose (goals)

Economics is a social science: goal is to understand and predict human behavior (both individual and group). Explain how the study of economics provides knowledge to understand the system and policies that guide life.
2. Form of carrying-out: practical classes
3. Methodic and order of execution

№ п/п	Learning steps	Methodic of execution
1.	Organizational part: goal setting and motivation, input control of knowledge level, reminder of security measures Topics: 1. Definition of economics 2. Subjects matters of economics 3. Economy and its systems 4. Economic theory as a science, its subject, functions and methods. 5. The functions of economic theory 6. Economic methods.	Identify the basic goals of studied unit and give the fundamentals of economics’ subject before the period of 1776 – as Political economy. However, the economic community in the context of economic schools, divided a full definition of economics in four categories. Explain all definitions of economic one by one, get a complete knowledge about the definition of economics: Wealth definition of economics, 1776, (Adam Smith), Welfare definition of economics, 1890, (Alfred Marshall), Scarcity definition, 1932, Lionel Robbins, Growth definition of economics 1948, (Paul Anthony Samuelson). Formulate a concluded definition of economics – Making of choice in presence of scarcity. Identify the subject matter of economics – two core branches (Microeconomics and Macroeconomics). Develop the concept of economy around the questions “What the meaning of economy, what’s the difference between economics and economy”. And according to the mentioned topics define economic theory as a science, its subject, functions and methods.
2.	Fundamental (main) part: (organization of students' work on mastering the lesson program) Issues for discussion:	Develop the conceptional position that economic is the totality human activities aimed at creating goods that satisfy the diverse people needs (Wants). The subject of economic theory should be understood as the relationship of people to create and distribute life goods in society in order to satisfy their needs, economic laws that govern these processes. Definite the functions of economic theory: cognitive, practical, methodological, social, Ideological. The method of scientific abstraction. Method of analysis and synthesis. Method of induction and deduction. The method of unity of historical and logical. The method of unity, qualitative and quantitative analysis. The method of unity of the general and the special. The method of climbing from simple to complex. The method of analysis of public practice.
	1. The subject of economic theory. 2. Differences in the names of economic science 3.Functions and methods of economic theory 4. Positive and normative economic theory.
3.	Last part: output control of the level of knowledge, summarizing the results of the lesson, self-study task	Performing test tasks (10-50 tasks) to check the level of assimilation of the conducted material. The presentation of individual problematic issues of the current topic in the form of abstracts (focused on the presentation and development of argumentation, reflective assessment). – critical analysis of the situation. – a critical assessment of the literature studied. – keeping a reflective diary. – preparation of a message / presentation (fixing the problem and ways to solve it). – comments on the article, book, monograph.

4.1. Control questions on the discipline section / on the topic of the lesson:

1. 
   What are the main stages of economic theories’ subject and method development?
   
2. 
   Why does society need economic science?
   
3. 
   Functions of economic theory?
   
4. 
   What is the relationship between Economics and other social Sciences?
   
5. 
   What is meant by the rarity of resources?
   
6. 
   What is meant by the term "economic system"?
   
7. 
   What elements are inherent in the economic system?
   
8. 
   Is there a difference between the content of the concepts of "ownership" and "property relations"?
   
9. 
   Is the institution of private property an indispensable attribute of the market economy?
   
10. 
    Distinguish between an economic good and a service; between a free good and an economic good.
    
11. 
    What’re the two ways of narrowing the gap between what people want and what they are able to get?
    
12. 
    Can the economist say which of these ways is the better?
    
13. 
    Which of the definitions of the subject of economic theory seems to you more accurate?
    
14. 
    What is the meaning of the term "economy"?
    
15. 
    What is the difference between microeconomics and macroeconomics?
    
16. 
    What is the most relevant analysis: positive or normative?
    
17. 
    What is the role of economic theory in the system of economic Sciences?
    
18. 
    Describe the principles, laws, patterns and categories.
    
19. 
    What is the relationship between economic policy and economic strategy?
    
20. 
    What are the main approaches to the definition of the model "economic man".
    

4.2. Test control

4.2.1. Option 1

1. which of the following are factors of production
A. capital and land
B. scarcity and shortages
C. technology and productivity
D. economics and business decisions

E. capital and entrepreneur/

2. what is the difference between a shortage and scarcity?

A. scarcity always exists

B. scarcity results from falling prices
C. scarcity concerns a single item
D. there is no real difference

E. scarcity always exists

3. which of the following is an entrepreneur?
A. a highly-paid singer
B. a person who teaches courses at a college
C. a highly-paid computer programmer
D. a person who starts a cleaning supplies business

E. a person who starts a cleaning supplies business

4. Question Answer option Answer

For the first time the term "political economy" was used by

A. K. Marx

B. A. Smith

C. D. Riccardo

D. A. Montcretien

5. What indicator is used to measure the rate of inflation?

A. nominal exchange rate;

C. consumer price index;

C. purchasing power parity of currencies;

D. the growth rate of bank interest rates;

E. the correct answer is missing.

6. What is the state of the economy in which the depreciation of money is accompanied by a decline in production and an increase in unemployment?

A. inflation;

B. deflation;

C. hyperinflation;

D. stagflation;

E. hidden inflation.

7. What increases with deflation?

A. production;

B. employment;

C. the purchasing power of money;

D. money supply;

E. prices.

8. What is the name of the income of the owners of money capital, which they lend to enterprises, entrepreneurs and individuals?

A. salary;

B. profit;

C. rent;

D. interest;

E. there is no correct answer.

9. Which of the following economic subjects is industry-specific?

A. accounting;

B. economic analysis;

C. the economy of transport;

D. marketing;

E. statistics.

10. (Resources. To which category of resources does each of the following belong?

A. A taxicab

B. Computer software

C. One hour of legal counsel

D. A parking lot

E. A forest

F. The Mississippi River

G. An individual introducing a new way to market products on the Internet

11. (Goods and Services. Explain why each of the following would not be considered “free” for the economy as a whole:

A. Food stamps

B. U.S. aid to developing countries

C. Corporate charitable contributions

D. Noncable television programs

E. Public high school education

12. (Micro Versus Macro. Determine whether each of the following is primarily a microeconomic or a macroeconomic issue:

A. Determining the price to charge for an automobile

B. Measuring the impact of tax policies on total consumption spending in the economy

C. A household’s decisions about how to allocate its disposable income among various goods and services

D. A worker’s decision regarding how many hours to work each week

E. Designing a government policy to affect the level of employment

13. (Normative Versus Positive Analysis. Determine whether each of the following statements is normative or positive:

A. The U.S. unemployment rate was below 6.0 percent in 2003.

B. The inflation rate in the United States is too high.

C. The U.S. government should increase the minimum wage. D. U.S. trade restrictions cost consumers $20 billion annually.

15. (Rational Self-Interest. Discuss the impact of rational selfinterest on each of the following decisions:

A. Whether to attend college full time or enter the workforce full time

B. Whether to buy a new textbook or a used textbook

C. Whether to attend a local college or an out-of-town college

14. (Pitfalls of Economic Analysis. Review the discussion of pitfalls in economic thinking in this chapter. Then identify the fallacy or mistake in thinking in each of the following statements:

A. Raising taxes will always increase government revenues.

B. Whenever there is a recession, imports decrease. Therefore, to stop a recession, we should increase imports.

C. Raising the tariff on imported steel will help the U.S. steel industry. Therefore, the entire economy will be helped.

D. Gold sells for about $400 per ounce.
16. What is the financial gain made in transactions?

A. Profit

B. Resource

C. Scarcity

D. Wage
17. If a person makes a necklace that only costs $2.00 to make, and then sells the necklace for $12.00, they made a $10.00 ____?_____.

A. Wage

B. Demand

C. Profit

D. Equilibrium price
18. What is working capital?

A. buildings;

B. facilities;

C. vehicles;

D. materials;

E. equipment.

19. What are fixed assets?

A. objects of labor used for the manufacture of products;

B. means of labor, gradually used in production, functioning over many production cycles;

C. objects of labor that are entirely used in one production cycle are in production turnover;

D. the means of production involved in economic processes;

E. all answers are incorrect.

4.2.2. Option 2

1. What is the economy?

A. social relations associated with the economic activities of people;

B. the economy of a district, country, group of countries or the whole world;

C. a scientific discipline that studies any area of the economic life of society;

D. all the activities of people that are related to ensuring the material conditions of their life;

E. all answers are acceptable.

2. What society are related to the problems of what, how and for whom to produce?

A. only to companies with centralized planning;

C. only to a market economy;

C. only to countries of traditional economic systems;

D. to any society;

E. only to countries with a mixed economic system.

3. Which of the following economic subjects is industry-specific?

A. accounting;

B. economic analysis;

C. the economy of transport;

D. marketing;

E. statistics.

4. Which of the methods of economic theory provides for the derivation of theoretical principles and principles from facts, the movement of thought from particular to general?

A. induction;

B. deduction;

C. analysis;

D. synthesis;

E. economic and mathematical modeling.

5. Representatives of which areas of economic thought believed that the main wealth of the nation is agricultural products?

A. mercantilists;

B. physiocrats;

C. representatives of the classical school;

D. Marxists;

E. representatives of the Keynesian direction.

6. What theory directs the state to the maximum preservation of gold in the country, stimulates exports and restricts imports?

A. mercantilist theory of foreign trade;

C. Keynesian theory;

C. marginalism;

D. Marxist theory;

E. neoclassical theory.

7. What is the internal motive for human activity?

A. needs;

B. good;

C. factors of production;

D. economic resources;

E. goods.

8. Which of the following list is a non-economic good?

A. a submarine;

B. leisure and entertainment;

C. wind energy;

D. knowledge;

E. table.

9. Which of the following does not study microeconomics?

A. aggregate indicators of income;

B. the behavior of individual economic entities of a market economy;

C. prices in individual markets;

D. factors affecting the change in demand and supply of individual goods;

E. prices and volumes of production and consumption of specific goods.

10. Which of the economic sciences considers aggregate indicators of income, price dynamics, indicators of employment and inflation, that is, the functioning of the economic system as a whole?

A. microeconomics;

B. macroeconomics;

C. economic theory;

D. statistics;

E. finance and credit.

11. What types of costs relate to production factors?

A. capital, labor, profit, entrepreneurship;

B. land, labor, capital;

C. interest, income, entrepreneurship;

D. labor, land, income;

E. capital, rent, land.

12. At what stage of social production is the share of each person in the manufactured products determined?

A. production;

B. distribution;

C. exchange;

D. consumption;

E. supply.

13. What are the products of human activity called by which, by which and from which new products are produced?

A. means of labor;

B. objects of labor;

C. means of production;

D. fixed assets;

E. current assets.

14. What is working capital?

A. buildings;

B. facilities;

C. vehicles;

D. materials;

E. equipment.

15. What are fixed assets?

A. objects of labor used for the manufacture of products;

B. means of labor, gradually used in production, functioning over many production cycles;

C. objects of labor that are entirely used in one production cycle are in production turnover;

D. the means of production involved in economic processes;

E. all answers are incorrect.

16. What are the sources of the extensive path of development?

A. new inventions;

B. advanced training of employees;

C. an increase in the number of factors of production;

D. modern technology;

E. the use of the latest technology.

17. What are the sources of intensive development?

A. new deposits;

B. new technologies;

C. the development of new lands;

D. labor force growth;

E. an increase in the number of factors of production.

18. What caused the emergence of a market economy?

A. the appearance of money;

C. limited resources;

C. division of labor;

D. increasing the needs of people;

E. lack of factors of production.

19. What is the characteristic of a free market economy?

A. an unlimited number of participants in the competition;

B. free access to market information;

C. the limited role of government in the economy;

D. sellers offer a standardized product in the market;

E. all of the above is true.

4.2.3. Option 3

1. What is the financial gain made in transactions?

A. Profit

B. Resource

C. Scarcity

D. Wage
2. If a person makes a necklace that only costs $2.00 to make, and then sells the necklace for $12.00, they made a $10.00 ____?_____.

A. Wage

B. Demand

C. Profit

D. Equilibrium price
3. What is an economic or productive factor required to accomplish an activity?

A. Specialization

B. Resource

C. Traditional system

D. Wage
4. What is it called when you have limited quantities of resources used to meet unlimited wants?

A. Profit

B. Specialization

C. Cartel

D. Scarcity
5. What is the concentration of the productive efforts of individuals and firms on a limited number of activities?

A. Socialism

B. Specialization

C. Factors of production

D. Free enterprise
6. What is a social and political philosophy based on the belief that democratic means should be used to evenly distribute wealth throughout a society?

A. Captialism

B. Socialism

C. Traditional system

D. Microeconomics
7. What is an economic system that relies on habit, custom, or ritual to decide questions of production and consumption of goods and services?

A. Capitalism

B. Socialism

C. Traditional system

D. Barter system
8. What is a payment made by an employer to an employee?

A. Profit

B. Marginal

C. Interest

D. Wage

9. What is a formal organization of producers that agree to coordinate prices and production?

A. Cartel

B. Traditional system

C. Command system

D. Corporation
10. What are two goods that are bought and used together?

A. Monopolistic competition

B. Market system

C. Complementary goods

D. Efficiency

11. What is a legal entity owned by individual stockholders?

A. Capital

B. Free enterprise

C. Specialization

D. Corporation
12. What is the desire to own something and the ability to pay for it called?

A. Demand

B. Allocation

C. Capital

D. Opportunity cost
13. What is the measure of how consumers react to a change in price?

A. Elasticity

B. Marginal

C. Equilibrium price

D. Scarcity
14. What is the point at which the quantity demanded and the quantity supplied are equal called?

A. Elasticity

B. Efficiency

C. Equilibrium price

D. Production possibilities
15. What is the study of economic behavior and decision makings of small units, such as individuals, families, and businesses called?

A. Macroeconomics

B. Microeconomics

C. Economics

D. Economic statistics
16. What is a market structure in which many companies sell products that are similar but not identical?

A. Monopoly

B. Traditional system

C. Oligopoly

D. Monopolistic competition
17. Which country represents a substantial degree of socialism?

A. Denmark

B. Canada

C. United Kingdom

D. Russia
18. Corporations are in business for what?

A. Profit

B. Non-profit

C. Stockholders

D. people well-being
19. When a state agrees to lower a tax rate for one corporation so that the corporation builds a plant or factory in that state, it is an example of what?

A. Capitalism

B. Monopolistic competition

C. Incentive

D. Communism
4.2.4. Option 4

1. which of the following are factors of production
A. capital and land
B. scarcity and shortages
C. technology and productivity
D. economics and business decisions

E. capital and land

2. what is the difference between a shortage and scarcity?
A. scarcity always exists
B. scarcity results from falling prices
C. scarcity concerns a single item
D. there is no real difference

E. scarcity always not exists

3. which of the following is an entrepreneur?
A. a highly-paid singer
B. a person who teaches courses at a college
C. a highly-paid computer programmer
D. a person who starts a cleaning supplies business

D. a person who starts a cleaning supplies business

4. Question Answer option Answer

For the first time the term "political economy" was used by

A. K. Marx

B. A. Smith

C. D. Riccardo

D. A. Montcretien

5. What indicator is used to measure the rate of inflation?

A. nominal exchange rate;

C. consumer price index;

C. purchasing power parity of currencies;

D. the growth rate of bank interest rates;

E. the correct answer is missing.

6. When a consumer buys a car from a dealership, this is an example of what?

A. Macroeconomics

B. Microeconomics

C. Home Economics

D. Limited resources.
7. Which of the principles relate to the basic principles of a market economy?

A. the variety of forms of ownership;

C. free pricing;

C. the principle of contractual relations;

D. the economic freedom of the producer;

E. all answers are acceptable.

8. Which of the following list is a non-economic good?

A. a submarine;

C. leisure and entertainment;

C. wind energy;

D. knowledge;

E. table.

9. Which of the following does not study microeconomics?

A. aggregate indicators of income;

C. the behavior of individual economic entities of a market economy;

C. prices in individual markets;

D. factors affecting the change in demand and supply of individual goods;

E. prices and volumes of production and consumption of specific goods.

10. Which of the economic sciences considers aggregate indicators of income, price dynamics, indicators of employment and inflation, that is, the functioning of the economic system as a whole?

A. microeconomics;

B. macroeconomics;

C. economic theory;

D. statistics;
11. What types of costs relate to production factors?

A. capital, labor, profit, entrepreneurship;

C. land, labor, capital;

C. interest, income, entrepreneurship;

D. labor, land, income;

E. capital, rent, land.

12. At what stage of social production is the share of each person in the manufactured products determined?

A. production;

B. distribution;

C. exchange;

D. consumption;

E. supply.

13. What are the products of human activity called by which, by which and from which new products are produced?

A. means of labor;

B. objects of labor;

C. means of production;

D. fixed assets;

E. current assets.

14. What are the products of human activity called by which, by which and from which new products are produced?

A. means of labor;

B. objects of labor;

C. means of production;

D. fixed assets;

E. current assets.

15. What is working capital?

A. buildings;

B. facilities;

C. vehicles;

D. materials;

E. equipment.

16. What are fixed assets?

A. objects of labor used for the manufacture of products;

B. means of labor, gradually used in production, functioning over many production cycles;

C. objects of labor that are entirely used in one production cycle are in production turnover;

D. the means of production involved in economic processes;

E. all answers are incorrect.

17. What are the sources of the extensive path of development?

A. new inventions;

B. advanced training of employees;

C. an increase in the number of factors of production;

D. modern technology;

E. the use of the latest technology.

18. What are the sources of intensive development?

A. new deposits;

B. new technologies;

C. the development of new lands;

D. labor force growth;

E. an increase in the number of factors of production.

19. What caused the emergence of a market economy?

A. the appearance of money;

C. limited resources;

C. division of labor;

D. increasing the needs of people;

E. lack of factors of production.

4.3. Practical (calculation) tasks

• 
  Suppose that, through the intervention of a benevolent uncle, you were put in a position to satisfy all of your present wants. Do you think that the gap between what you want and what you are able to get would then be closed? Why or why not?
  
• 
  “The economic organizations of all societies past and present appear to fall predominantly into one of two classifications or types”. Can you think of any exceptions to this statement? What are the two types the authors have in mind?
  
• 
  Write out and file for future reference the definition of economics that emerges from this chapter and list five major issues which you think should become clearer as a result of a study of economics.
  
• 
  Is it possible to reduce the subject of economic theory to the study of the three fundamental problems of Economics?
  

4.4. Topics of abstracts / essays, reports, presentations, stands, etc. (if necessary)

1. 
   Origin and development of economic theory.
   
2. 
   Economic laws and economic categories.
   
3. 
   Different approaches to the analysis of economic dynamics.
   
4. 
   The main functions and methods of research of economic theory.
   
5. 
   Subject and functions of economic theory.
   
6. 
   Economic laws and their classification, economic categories.
   
7. 
   Methods of economic research.
   
8. 
   Efficient use of limited production resources.
   
9. 
   The emergence and development of economic theory.
   
10. 
    Economic schools: mercantilism, physiocracy, Marxism.
    
11. 
    Classical political economy.
    
12. 
    Neoclassical direction.
    
13. 
    The subject of economic theory. Method of research. Functions of economic theory.
    
14. 
    Economic theory in the system of economic Sciences
    
15. 
    Economic theory: subject, methods and stages of development
    
16. 
    Emergence and development of economic theory
    
17. 
    The origin and main stages of the development of economic theory, the main economic schools.
    
18. 
    Economic categories, laws, functions. The importance of economic theory and its place in the system of social Sciences and Humanities
    
19. 
    The place of economic theory among other Sciences, the relationship with the economy and the world economy.
    
20. 
    General structure of the productive forces of society. History of various economic schools
    
21. 
    Essay on Subject Matter of Economics
    
22. 
    Essay on Economics as a Science
    
23. 
    Essay on Neo-Classical View of Marshall
    
24. 
    Essay on the Classical View of Adam Smith
    
25. 
    Essay on Basic Concepts of Economics
    
26. 
    General understanding of the importance and status of economic theory in the modern world
    
27. 
    Scientific foundations of economic theory
    
28. 
    Economic categories, laws and goals of society
    
29. 
    Development of economic theory and its modern trends
    
30. 
    The place of economic theory in the system of social Sciences and Humanities
    

5. Material and technical support

6.1. Location of the lesson (audience, clinical base...)

6.2. Equipment classes (unnecessary to remove)

6.3. The class activities location: rooms 1 and 8

6. Sources of information
The main references:

1. 
   Introductory course in economic theory / Auth. G.P. Zhuravleva. – M.: INFRA-M, 2017. – 368 p.
   
2. 
   The course of economic theory / Auth. M.N. Chepurin, E.A. Kiseleva and other. – M.: Kirov: ASA; 5th Edition, revised. and add., 2017. – 832 c.
   
3. 
   Fundamentals of economic theory / ed. S.I. Ivanov. – M.: Vita-Press, 2017. – 650 p.
   

Additional references:

1. 
   Alberto Bisin (2011) Introduction to economic analysis, Dept. of Economics NYU
   
2. 
   Carl Menger (2007) Principles of economics, Ludwig von Mises Institute
   
3. 
   The course of economic theory. General principles of economic theory, microeconomics, macroeconomics, transition economics / A.V. Sidorovich. – M.: DIS, 2017. – 736 p.
   
4. 
   The best essays on economic theory. – M.: Phoenix, 2017. – 256 p.
   
5. 
   Fundamentals of economic theory. – M.: Unity-Dana, 2017. – 232 p.
   
6. 
   Pevzner, Ya. A. Introduction to the economic theory of social democracy / Ya.A. Pevzner. – Moscow: Higher School, 2016. – 208 c.
   
7. 
   A practical guide to seminars on economic theory. – M.: Vlados, 2016. – 272 p.
   
8. 
   Sidorovich, A.V. A.V. The course of economic theory / A.V., A.V. Sidorovich, T.A., T.A. Agapova et al. – M.: Business and service; 3rd edition, revised. and ext., 2016. – 138 c
   
9. 
   Tambovtsev, V.L. Introduction to the economic theory of contracts. Textbook / V.L. Tambovtsev. – M.: INFRA-M, 2016. – 144 p.
   
10. 
    Arthur D. Gayer, C. Lowell Harriss, Milton H. Spencer, Basic Economics: A Book of Readings (New York: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1951) [Gayer and Others]
    
11. 
    Asher Isaacs, C. W. McKee, R. E. Slesinger, Selected Readings in Modern Economics (New York: The Dry den Press, 1952 [Isaacs and Others]
    
12. 
    Arleigh P. Hess, Jr., Robert E. Gallmann, John P. Rice, Carl Stern, Outside Readings in Economics (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company, 1951) [Hess and Others]
    
13. 
    Walter Adams and Leland E. Traywick, Readings in Economics: Principles and Problems (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1950) [Adams and Traywick]
    
14. 
    Paul A. Samuelson, Robert L. Bishop, John R. Coleman, Readings in Economics (New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., 1952) [Samuelson and Others]
    

The list of resources of the information and telecommunication network "Internet":

1. 
   Dr. David A. Dilts Introduction to microeconomics // https://www.pfw.edu/ dotAsset/142427.pdf.
   

2. Paul Krugman How Did Economists Get It So Wrong? // https://www.nytimes.com/ 2009/09/06/magazine /06Economic-t.html.

3. Economics 493/593 - History of Economic Thought // https://economistsview.typepad. com/economics493.

4. 
   Niall Kishtainy A Little History of Economics // https://yalebooks.yale.edu/book/ 9780300206364/little-history-economics.
   
5. 
   Book Review: A Little History of Economics by Niall Kishtainy // http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/84729/1/ usappblog-2017-09-24-book-review-a-little-history-of-economics-by.pdf.
   
6. 
   Alessandro Pavan Journal of Economic Theory // https://www.journals.elsevier.com/journal-of-economic-theory.
   
7. 
   Hal R. Varian What Use is Economic Theory? // http://people.ischool.berkeley.edu /~hal/ Papers/theory.pdf.
   

8. Economics 493/593 - History of Economic Thought // https://economistsview.typepad.com /economics493.

9. 
   Book Review: A Little History of Economics by Niall Kishtainy // http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/84729/1/usappblog-2017-09-24-book-review-a-little-history-of-economics-by.pdf.
   
10. 
    What are the best books on economic history? // https://www.quora.com/What-are-the-best-books-on-economic-history.
    
11. 
    Alessandro Pavan Journal of Economic Theory // https://www.journals.elsevier.com/journal-of-economic-theory.
    
12. 
    Hal R. Varian What Use is Economic Theory? // http://people.ischool.berkeley.edu/~ha l/Papers/theory.pdf.
    

8. Criteria for assessing the results of current academic performance in a practical lesson*
The correspondence between the grade for the exam and the final grade score is characterized by this ratio (see table. 1).

Table 1. The system of the final assessment of student knowledge

National Assessment		ECTS Assessment	Student Learning Achievement	Rating % Credits
Excellent	Passed	A	Complete and in-depth knowledge of the entire course material	90-100
Good		B	Solid knowledge of programs with a slight margin of error	82-89
		C	Knowledge of key course provisions with individual omissions	74-81
Satisfactory		D	Mastering the material without in-depth knowledge of the basics of the course	64-73
		E	Minimum knowledge	60-63
Unsatisfactory	nonpassed	FX	Unsatisfactory Undetected FX Non-passing knowledge of course material	35-59
		F	Not enough knowledge required repeat course	1-34

Testing. The test is set according to the rating, which includes the results of the current control, the results of the student’s participation in discussing issues and solving problems of seminars and practical classes, and the results of the test. The rating is set as the sum of 1/3 of the rating for the current work and 2/3 of the rating for testing.

Current control is carried out during practical, seminars, individual and independent work of the student. Assessments of current control are set on a five-point scale:

– “excellent” – more than 4 to 5 points (more than 10 tests),

– “good” – more than 3 to 4 points (about 8-10 tests);

– "satisfactory" – more than 2 to 3 points (about 6-8 tests);

– “unsatisfactory” – up to 2 points inclusive (about 4 to 6 tests);

When studying the discipline, each student must write an abstract on one of the topics proposed. The abstract should be performed in accordance with the requirements of high school. The student's report on the topic of the abstract is submitted to a seminar and is discussed in a group.

Time regulation per student – 15 minutes: 5-7 minutes. directly to the report and 8-10 minutes. to answer questions from the audience.

The rating for the abstract is set on a five-point scale, considering the following criteria:

– the completeness of the disclosure of the topic of the abstract;

– account when disclosing the topic of recent changes and trends of the object of study;

– compliance of the abstract with the requirements of higher education;

– content, logic and conciseness of the report;

– possession of the material of the selected topic of the essay when answering questions.

When passing the test, the student receives a task that includes two theoretical questions and a test or practical task. Answers to theoretical questions require the student to be able to reproduce basic information on the discipline, to evaluate the correct application of the knowledge gained.

When solving test tasks, the student is required to receive the correct answer to the proposed question. The student is offered several options for the answer, from which he must choose one or more options that make up the correct answer. The answer to the test is counted in the case of an accurate list of all options and a description of the solution algorithm.

In solving a practical problem, the student must correctly state the course of the solution, get the correct arithmetic answer. In the process of solving it is necessary to apply the latest edition of the current regulatory documents. A task is considered completed if not less than 50% of the tasks of questions and test tasks, tasks are completed, and the total number of completed tasks is at least 70%.

Final control test was compiled considering the modern requirements of higher education, according to the credit-modular system and rating assessment of students' knowledge.

The task for the control work covers all topics of the program of the microeconomics course and is evaluated according to a 100-point system, which makes up a total score of 5 points.

The deadline for completion of the test is 2 weeks before the start of the final session.

For control works that are not delivered on time, penalty points up to –50% are applied.

The final grade at the rate is affixed according to the rating point system:

– test work 35%,

– attendance of classes 5%

– exam 60%.

Like the test assignment, examination tickets (or assignment for the test) include questions and assignments of four difficulty levels. The correct answer to the questions of the first difficulty level has a specific gravity in the range of 15-20%, for tasks of the second and third difficulty levels, respectively, 20-25%, for tasks of the fourth difficulty level, 25-30%.

Each task of the ticket is evaluated according to the accepted rating scale. The maximum final grade, considering the share of assignment grades, is 4+. The correspondence between the grade for the exam and the final grade score is characterized by the following ratio:

An important point in this system is the differentiation of student grades and ratings into two sets:

1) classroom (current examinations, term papers, independent work, etc.):

2) exam - two exams: the 1st exam during the semester (checking current knowledge) and the 2nd exam, final at the end of the semester, which constitutes knowledge control for all material of the considered course and for each academic discipline.

Tasks for the control work and current work of students cover all the topics of the program of the course in the course of their consideration and are evaluated according to a 100-point system, which makes up a total score of 5 points. The deadline for independent work is appointed by the teacher before the start of the final session. For all types of educational works of students that are not delivered within the specified time limits, penalty points up to –50% are applied.

The final grade at the rate is affixed according to the rating point system:

– test work, independent work of the student, the current test of knowledge and exam 1, 35%,

– attendance of classes 5%

– final testing 2, 60%.

Criteria for assessing students' verbal responses and midterm control

Rating	Criteria for evaluation
«Excellent»	It is set if the student has disclosed the content of the material in the volume provided for by the program, set out the material in a competent language in a certain logical sequence, accurately using the terminology of the subject as a discipline; answered independently without leading questions from the teacher; successfully answered the test tasks and correctly and reasonably solved situational problems , demonstrated the ability to fill out medical documentation (reporting and accounting forms). One or two inaccuracies are possible when covering secondary issues or in calculations that the student easily corrected according to the remark of the teacher.
«good»	It is set if the student’s answer basically satisfies the requirements for “excellent”, but one of the drawbacks is this: one or two inaccuracies were made when covering the main content of the answer, corrected by the remark of the teacher; a mistake or more than two inaccuracies was made when covering secondary issues or in calculations that were easily corrected according to the remark of the teacher.
«satisfactory (Passed»	It is exposed in the following cases: the content of the material is incompletely or inconsistently disclosed, there are errors in answering tests, inaccuracies in solving situational problems, but a general understanding of the issue is shown and skills sufficient for further assimilation of the material defined by the curriculum of the discipline are shown.
«unsatisfactory»	Exhibited in cases where the main content of the educational material is not disclosed; ignorance or incomplete understanding by students of the largest or most important part of the educational material was discovered; gross errors were made in answering interview questions, situational tasks were incorrectly solved, mistakes were made in answers to tests, the ability to fill out medical documentation was not demonstrated; mistakes were made in the definition of concepts when using special terminology in drawings, diagrams, calculations, which were not corrected after several leading questions of the teacher.