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Journal on Education 
Volume 05, No. 04, Mei-Agustus 2023, pp. 14990-15002 
E-ISSN: 2654-5497, P-ISSN: 2655-1365
Website: http://jonedu.org/index.php/joe 
Speech Style Analysis: Sociolinguistic Perspective 
Lala Nining Indrawa
1
, Siti Danti
2
, Taufiq Kurniawan

1,2,3
Institut Studi Islam Sunan Doe, Jl. Soekarno Hatta, Rumbuk, Kec. Sakra, Kab.Lombok Timur, Nusa Tenggara Barat. 
taufikurniawan14@gmail.com 
Abstract 
The prompt development of English has formed a new perception that English should be the language of daily 
life. Diverse studies have been carried out to extend knowledge about the language itself with the various 
methods used. The researcher, in this context, aims to examine the speech style used by the main actor and the 
racial conflict that happened in the movie of “Freedom Writer”. The researcher uses a socio-linguistic approach 
to get a better understanding of the context of the speech and the speech style that is used according to the 
context. The film was based on a real story that happened in the united stated. The film was released in 2007. 
The researcher found a variety of speech style that was used by the main actor in the movie. The most 
dominant speech style used in the film is “Formal Style”. The formal style is used in an important and serious 
situation such as lectures, sermons, television newscasts, and some other occasions. The language style that is 
rarely used in this film is the “Frozen” style because the style is used in certain literature. More complexed 
discussion in this movie regarding racial issues were also further discussed. 
Keywords: Speech Style, Racial Conflict, Movie. 
Abstrak 
Perkembangan bahasa Inggris yang sangat pesat telah membentuk persepsi baru bahwa bahasa Inggris harus 
menjadi bahasa kehidupan sehari-hari. Berbagai penelitian telah dilakukan untuk memperluas pengetahuan 
tentang bahasa itu sendiri dengan berbagai metode yang digunakan. Peneliti, dalam konteks ini, bertujuan 
untuk mengkaji gaya tutur yang digunakan oleh pemeran utama dan konflik rasial yang terjadi dalam film 
“Freedom Writer”. Peneliti menggunakan pendekatan sosio-linguistik untuk mendapatkan pemahaman yang 
lebih baik tentang konteks tuturan dan gaya tuturan yang digunakan sesuai dengan konteksnya. Film ini 
diangkat dari kisah nyata yang terjadi di Amerika Serikat. Film ini dirilis pada tahun 2007. Peneliti 
menemukan ragam gaya bicara yang digunakan oleh pemeran utama dalam film tersebut. Gaya bicara yang 
paling dominan digunakan dalam film adalah “Formal Style”. Gaya formal digunakan dalam situasi penting 
dan serius seperti ceramah, khutbah, siaran berita televisi, dan beberapa kesempatan lainnya. Gaya bahasa yang 
jarang digunakan dalam film ini adalah gaya “Frozen” karena gaya Bahasa tersebut hanya digunakan dalam 
sastra tertentu. Pembahasan yang lebih kompleks dalam film ini terkait isu rasial juga dibahas lebih lanjut.
Kata Kunci: Gaya Bahasa, Konflik antar Ras, Film. 
Copyright (c) 2023 Lala Nining Indrawa, Siti Danti, Taufiq Kurniawan 
Corresponding author: Lala Nining Indrawa 
Email Address: taufikurniawan14@gmail.com (Jl. Soekarno Hatta, Kec. Sakra, Kab. Lombok Timur, NTB) 
Received 31 March 2023, Accepted 6 April 2023, Published 7 April 2023 
INTRODUCTION 
As an international language, English is particularly valuable to be studied. In the modern 
world English become more and more important and almost all country encourage their society to 
speak it. The reason is to adapt with the international society and to come up in life (Nishanthi, 2018). 
However, leaning the second language can be daunting task for the students because they have to get 
used to the new things and language is not merely about delivering the information. Language 
speaking complex, it is more than just deliver information or idea, but it encourages the speaker to 
combine various skills, knowledge, and processes that take account of the contexts of production, and 
result in speech that is culturally and socially relevant, appropriate, and comprehensible to their 
interlocutors, as well as managing micro-level reactions and responses to what they utter (Burns, 


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Journal on Education, Volume 05, No. 04, Mei-Agustus 2023, hal. 14990-15002
2017). However, the leaners of foreign languages find a lot of difficulties and problem especially in 
speaking (Suryanto & Sari, 2020) because speaking ability is not only about mastery of grammar but 
also need the accuracy and clearance in producing the words, phrases, or sentence by sentence in the 
speech of information (Menggo, Suastra, Budiarsa, & Padmadewi, 2019). To understand the language 
comprehensively, the speakers need to understand the discourse analysis. discourse analysis occupies 
in applied linguistics has come about because it enables applied linguists to analyses and understand 
real language data”. The language data that applied linguistic analyses can be either written or spoken, 
and one thing they have learned through the analysis of discourse is that spoken language is no less 
structured than written language (Rodríguez-Vergara , 2018). 
The development of linguistic has an important role in teaching English. It is valuable for 
students to know and study the linguistic to reflect their choice, Kasper in (Arghashi & Gorjian, 
2018). Modern linguistics differentiates two types of stimuli in the development of a language related 
to the features of its system: a. internal or social markers that influence its development; b. external or 
functioning of the language (Hristova, 2021). Furthermore, external function the language is closely 
relate to sociolinguistic which learn the relationship between language and the impact to the society. 
Hristova also mentions that the successful flow of communicative process depends on the three 
conditions: a common need and interest in receiving and transmitting information; a common topic of 
conversation; and a common language. Cities and towns in particular, which show the highest density 
of signs that expose in shopping streets, commercial and industrial area had been the focus of 
linguistic landscape research to observe the interaction of different cultures, languages and identities 
(Wang, 2021). In addition, the researcher will focus on the speech style used by the main actor of the 
film namely “Freedom Writer”. 
People have a different style of speech and style can change depend on the circumstances and 
the addressed. They ways of someone deliver the statement are able to indicate how the one conveys 
the information. Speech style refers to the one’s style or appearance of language that used and it 
consider to be the most important in the current aspect of sociolinguistic (Theodoropoulou, 2020). The 
speech style of someone is also distinction from other, it because of the sex, age, social status, 
circumstances, and occupation and people do not talk in the same way in the different time. It also can 
be controlled during the conversation such as tone of voice, choosing words and it is influenced by the 
social factors. In general, speech styles can be divided into two features of speech styles based on 
gender or language and gender, namely male speech styles and woman speech styles (Sinurat, 
Herman, Marpaung, & Sihombing, 2021).
Furthermore, in the massive development of technology, variety of communication cannot be 
separated by the media. We can see that many media such as TV program that present speech style as 
the means to share idea or giving information to their audience or readers. In this modern world, 
movie play major role in society’s lives because of people like watching movie. However, not all of 
people understand about the form or the function of language that used there. Sometimes people do 


Speech Style Analysis: Sociolinguistic Perspective, Taufiq Kurniawan, Siti Danti, Lala Nining Indrawa 
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not care about the form or the function of communication used in the movie. Common people believe 
that the important is interesting story or not, or they watch film because of the actors or actress who 
plays in that movie. In this current research, the writer decides to analysis the speech style of the 
female teacher in the movie namely “Freedom Writer”.
Freedom Writers Movie based on a true story, Freedom Writers which debuted on the big 
screen in 2007 gives a strong impression of how fundamental the role of education is. The story 
centers on the experience of Erin Gruwell (Hilary Swank) and her students at Woodrow Wilson High 
School, Long Beach, USA in 1990s.s. The idea for the film came from journalist Tracey Durning, 
who made a documentary about Erin Gruwell for the ABC News program Primetime Live. This film 
is very educational, because we can see the struggle of a teacher who is considered less capable and 
belittled by his fellow teachers. Even her husband left her in the midst of her struggle to save her 
student. besides that, in this film there are several races, ethnicities, and cultures. 
The main actor of the movie is Erin Gruwell (born August 15, 1969), an American teacher 
known for her unique teaching method. She created the Freedom Writer Methods, a progressive 
teaching philosophy and curricula designed to achieve excellence from all students. She maintains a 
steadfast commitment to the future of education, and her impact as a change agent runs deep. By 
fostering an educational philosophy that values and promotes diversity, Gruwell transformed her 
students' lives. she encouraged them to re-think rigid beliefs about themselves and others, reconsider 
daily decisions, and ultimately re-chart their futures. Present researcher extraordinarily excited to 
conduct the research about the speech style and the movie of “Freedom Writer” is an object of the 
study.
Conducting the research in this field is critical. There certain reason why the present 
researcher chooses this film as the object of research. The first, author is keen on watching this movie 
because the problem solving is interested. The sacrifice of a teacher to encourage the student studying. 
In addition, story in the movie is taken from the reality that can be happened anymore in different 
circumstances. Furthermore, it is also important movie to watch, it is still relevant with the current 
issues such as racial conflict both in local and in international is still exist.
The movie also shows us the moral value that people have to care each other both black and 
white people. The speech style that used by main actor is significant to study, because it proper with 
the context. The last but not least, factors that influence the use of speech style by the main character 
is important. The research hopes can find an example of racial conflict and language variation, 
especially in speech style topic. Furthermore, language style in the context of real life is prominent. 
Knowing the style of language used by someone will help the listener to understand the context of the 
conversation so that it can be easier to catch the message that the speaker is trying to convey. Using 
the proper speech style when conveying something can emphasize what the speaker is saying (Wodak, 
2015). The study of language style is very useful for non-native speakers so that they not only 
understand the language through what is conveyed but are also assisted by the style of language used. 


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Journal on Education, Volume 05, No. 04, Mei-Agustus 2023, hal. 14990-15002
This study aims to find out the types of speeches style are used and the factors that influence the main 
character in “Freedom Writer” movie.
Speech Style 
Speech style is means to sharing the idea or the way to transmit information to the audience or 
the viewer. Speaker can choose the suitable style which it can help the speaker speak more effectively. 
According to Joos in (Erick Trio Putra, 2019) says that speech style means the form of language used 
by the speaker which is influenced by the social factors. Ways of speaking can determine who they 
are and the style of speaking can bring its own effect. It is highly important to consider the speech 
style.
In addition, speech styles can be divided into two features of speech styles based on gender, 
namely male and woman speech styles, Baxter in (Setiawan & Kuntjara, 2018). When discussing 
about female style, it does not merely refer to women but female speech style is referring to the 
speaker who has the cultural tendencies of being a woman. Baxter further explain that there are three 
major goals of female speech styles namely: to build a relationship, to co-operate, and to express 
feelings. On the other hand, (Wang, 2010) demonstrated different speech styles between men and 
women in conversations within public contexts. The research shows that differences of conversations 
in public contexts revealed as in amount of talk, turns or turn-taking, interruptions and topic choice 
based on conversation analysis, questionnaire and interview. In the statistical analysis, men are found 
to contribute much more talk than women do in their interactions with women. It is men who always 
violate the turn-taking model and take more turns in order to take control of the conversations. 
Relate to the definition of style, (Weda & Fadhilah Sakti, 2020) explain formality of spoken 
and written language into six levels: (1) Frozen, the style is frequently used in particular literature. (2) 
Formal, it is used in an important and serious situation such as lecture, sermon, television newscasts, 
and some other occasion. (3) Consultative, it is used by a speaker that provides explicit background 
information of his or her because the hearer may not understand for what the speaker says. (4) Casual, 
it is used in relax or normal situation. (5) Daily Interactions, it is used in a conversation among friends 
and family. (6) Intimate, it can only exist in a completely private language between individuals with a 
close personal relationship, such as families, lovers, and the closest friends. 
In conclusion, the present researcher will analyse all the speech style that used by the main 
actor of the film. Furthermore, the style of speech can be defined as the various ways of speaking in 
order to interact with one another within the society. The style of speech can also transfer various 
messages and it also presents specialized ‘ways of speaking,’ that are recognized (and, usually, 
named) by the speech community as appropriate for use with certain categories of interlocutors or in 
certain situations (Goddard & Wierzbicka, 2015). Thus, the listeners have to know speakers‟ style of 
speech because it will make them easier to get those messages. 
Language and Society 


Speech Style Analysis: Sociolinguistic Perspective, Taufiq Kurniawan, Siti Danti, Lala Nining Indrawa 
14994
Language and society are closely intertwined in complex way and many linguists say that it is 
inseparable. Many people discuss about language, they actually discuss about a quite complex subject, 
and language is complicated (Buddhism, 2018). The reason of the above statement is because when 
people use language, they can use it to produce new meanings. Moreover, language is complicated, it 
is influenced by various factors such as gender, socio-politic, geographies, social status or educational 
mobility or social class it-self (Woschitz, 2019). 
Out of context that the language as a tool of communication, At the level of sociocultural 
evolution of the language as a fundamentally new quality of self-organizing systems, it serves as a 
conductor of cultural meaning. As a universal means of mental reality representation and thinking 
foundation, language reflects the world, subjecting it to its own organization and context of human 
life, creating reality, structuring it instead of just describing, according to Sapir-Whorf‘s principle of 
linguistic relativity: language determines the reality, and the words do not describe, but create the 
world that is defined by Foucault in (Ivankina & Anikina, 2015). 
What already defined by the experts. It clearly opens our mind to learn deeper about the 
horizon of knowledge relate to the language. as the world changes and the rate of travel of people 
moving from one place to another has an influence on the development of increasingly varied 
languages. The study about the relation between human activities and language must be go on.
Racial conflict 
Racism has been a long issue but still exist up to now. In the United States where the movie 
of “Freedom Writer” is released; racism became a crucial issue since slave and colonial era. Before 
the Revolution, human slaves are bought and sold in all American colonies. Society distinguished 
races in different ways. They are separated in education, public facilities, employments, governments, 
housing, and so on. They are also judged by others by their colour of skin, wealth, and physical 
appearance. In Long Beach, California, there is also a racism issue that became a crucial problem in 
the neighborhoods especially in the school. There are many gangs from different races which have 
conflicts. It is because they have a different perception about their America and they have a negative 
perspective about white people as the superior race. 
Furthermore, has variety meaning due to it simultaneous and has been many defined by the 
sociologist. The present research reflects the racism in to three aspects, attitudes, culture and structure. 
Attitude in this term reflect to the mental condition of individual, which affect and reflect their 
behaviour. These mental conditions come from individuals’ unconscious their conscious evaluations 
of some objects. By culture, it refers to many kinds of scheme which humans make sense of the 
world, including themselves, all of which affect the social of group membership. 
By structure, it refers 
to both (1) the immediate circumstances of individuals and (2) the broader world that humans make 
sense of the social relations to which they are oriented and that are oriented toward them, particularly 
those that reproduce themselves even against the desires of the actors involved, both of which 
differentiate life chances and lived experience (Shiao & Woody, 2021). 


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Journal on Education, Volume 05, No. 04, Mei-Agustus 2023, hal. 14990-15002
The United States of America is a nation where many people from different cultural 
backgrounds can be found. Racism in America has been dominated by a settler society of religiously 
and ethnically diverse Whites. The heaviest burdens of racism in the country have historically fallen 
upon Native Americans, Asian Americans, African Americans, Latin Americans, American Jews, 
Irish American and some other immigrant group and their descendants. White Americans occasionally 
do experience racial discrimination since other groups have less economic and social power. It is 
uncommon that such discrimination has the power to seriously harm whites. As studied by (Bucholtz, 
2022) racism affects not mere individual psychological experiences but social, material, political, and 
racialized phenomena that can uphold or challenge white supremacy. White affects wield guns, build 
walls, segregate cities, defund schools, redraw voting districts, and create racist educational policies 
(and racist street signs). Racism is fundamentally affective rather than rational, and thus it is not 
simply material self-interest that supports racism but the affective investment in whiteness that 
compels white people to cling to white supremacy at all costs. 
In this respect, racist discrimination can be defined as “based on or motivated by a false assumption 
or perception of the existence of human races” and as “motivated by national belonging or 
membership (in terms of ancestry/descent, nationality, citizenship, legal norms, geographical origin, 
sometimes visible from specific or perceived physical features), ethnic-cultural belonging or 
membership (in terms of ancestry/descent, religion, beliefs, language, traditions), and social belonging 
or membership (in terms of socio-economic background and/or migrant status)”
(Klein, 2018)
.
METHOD 
This study employs the descriptive qualitative. It is considered as descriptive qualitative 
research as this study will be conducted by looking at the fact in the film and analysed by looking at 
the theory which has been applied in the particular area of study (Nassaji, 2015). In essence, 
descriptive qualitative means that it attempts to collect data by describing or telling what has been 
found in the true field without any treatment. Therefore, the future finding of this study will be a 
descriptive opinion based on the result of the analysis of the object discussed and sorted 
systematically. This study is also using the sociolinguistic approach to analyse the speech style of the 
main character (Erin Gruwell) in the movie of “Freedom Writer” to suit it with the context. 
The source of data to be analyzed is coming from the movie of freedom writers. This movie 
will be downloaded from the university movie that tells the audiences of how the effort of woman 
teacher successfully teaches unlawful students in Woodrow Wilson High School, Long Beach, USA 
in 1990s.s. she teaches. To collect the data, the researcher watches the movie, makes note and 
identifies the script in depth which containing language styles, and analyzes the data. The data of 
language styles are taken from the conversation in the movie. The source of data as basic analysis is 
focusing on woman teacher utterances to her students and discussion a lot about the conflict using 
sociolinguistic perspective. 


Speech Style Analysis: Sociolinguistic Perspective, Taufiq Kurniawan, Siti Danti, Lala Nining Indrawa 
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RESULT AND DISCUSSION 
Result
Speech style used by Erin Gruwell 
In this part, the researcher discussed about the result from finding. Based on Joos in (Suryadi 
& Setiawan, 2013) there are five speech styles which is used by the characters such as frozen style, 
formal style, consultative style, casual style and intimate style. Moreover, form those kinds of speech 
styles, there are some styles which are often used by the characters, and they are consultative and 
casual style. 
Frozen style 
For this speech style, the researcher did not see the main character (Erin Gruwell) frequently 
used it. However, it happened a lot in the conversation between Eva and prosecutor which is occurred 
in the court, the participants actually did not use too complex sentence in asking or saying something, 
but in this situation requires high formality in speaking. So, it can be said as a frozen style because 
there is no close relationship between the participants and this conversation occurred in the court 
which the prosecutor has higher status than the other participants as seen in the table 1 below. 
Table 1. Frozen Speech Style 
Conversation 
Analysis 
Prosecutor: and you have a clear view of 
defendant, Grand Rice, in the store? 
Erin: I told you he was playing the game. 
The conversation was similar with the formal style. 
However, the characteristic of the conversation was 
prominent to the frozen style where the sentences 
was not the complex sentences. It also supported to 
be frozen style because of the circumstances where 
it happened in the court where the participants 
usually have high skill and also it needs to be 
carefully planned before uttered, so it must be 
belonged to frozen style. 
Formal style
Formal style is a kind of speech style that can be seen when the conversation needs high 
formality in speaking and based on the distant among the participants. The style usually used in the 
formal situation such as in the office or when meeting with the strange people. In the movie of 
“Freedom Writer” such style happened when Erin Gruel had conversation with Margaret as seen in 
the table two below: 
Table 2. Formal Speech Style 
Conversation 
Analysis 
Erin: Thank you. I brought my lesson plan. 
I’d love it if you look them over. 
Margaret: Yes, and these are the classes 
you’ll start with. Freshman English four 
classes, about 150 students in all classes. 
The conversation above indicates in formal style 
because Erin gives short responses like “All right” 
to answer Margaret’s statement. This situation also 
shows between Margaret and Erin no proximity as a 

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