6
Assumptions
When teachers think about what they believe their learners will or will not know or how they will behave in a particular
lesson. For example, a teacher plans to teach the present simple using the context of jobs and daily routines. The
teacher may make the assumption that learners will know basic job vocabulary and so knows s/he will not need to
spend time in the lesson presenting these words.
‘At’ symbol: see punctuation.
Attention span
How long a learner is able to concentrate at any one time.
Attention spread
Attention spread relates to when and how teachers give equal attention to all of the learners in the class. This can
involve encouraging quieter learners to participate and ensuring that more enthusiastic learners do not dominate.
Audio script: see tapescript, transcript.
Auditory learner: see learning style.
Authentic material
Written or spoken texts which a first language speaker might read or listen to. They may be taken from newspapers,
radio etc. The language in the texts is not adapted or made easier for learners or the language learning process.
Authenticity: see authentic material.
Autonomy
,
autonomous
:
see learner autonomy
.
Auxiliary verb: see verb.
Awareness: see language awareness and raise awareness.
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Back-channeling
When a listener signals understanding, surprise, agreement etc. to a speaker as the speaker is speaking.
Base form of a verb: see verb.
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