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HollieAdams 11149809 MAThesis
Conclusion It can be seen from these three German texts that each novel has already proven quite progressive in its gender representation. Not all characters are portrayed in stereotypical manners and characters are redeemed from their gender binaries. The authors support 30 both men and women as active heroes, who can work together to save the day. They also support the idea that emphasised notions of masculinity and femininity should be subject to ridicule, which further shows Ende and Preußler ‘joking’ about gender roles and how ridiculous they are. 31 4. Tomboys and Breaking Binaries: 1990’s British Children’s Literature One of the most popular children’s authors of the 1990’s is Philip Pullman, who wrote the popular trilogy His Dark Materials (1995-2000). This chapter will specifically focus on characters from the first novel, NL, who all depict gender in interesting manners. In Pullman’s novel, both masculinity and femininity break free from classical traditions of gender stereotypes. Whilst assigned biological sexes, the characters are free to explore the different attributes associated with both genders; female characters may act masculine, and male characters act feminine. However, masculinity and femininity receive equal treatment in their positive and negative qualities. Femininity can be used to manipulate others in the text whilst masculinity can be used to reassert dominance and authority. This chapter takes the stance that Pullman subverts traditions of gender through his different characters. Lyra Bellaqua: Challenging Gender Binaries Lyra Bellaqua is the complicated child protagonist of the series who conforms to no gender norms. Throughout the text, Lyra performs both masculine and feminine qualities, however, as the series progresses, she begins to conform to femininity, turning back to gender roles as she reaches puberty. In Simone de Beauvoir’s text, The Second Sex, she states that “one is not born but becomes a woman”, implying that gender is construct, built through experience (de Beauvoir 30). As a child, Lyra is placed in a 32 male-dominated society, where women are unwelcome. It is with this that she casts away her cloak of femininity. In NL, Lyra is still prepubescent and thus, is not constrained by femininity. She shows attributes of both masculinity and femininity. Her femininity appears in her caring, nurturing nature. When Lyra’s daemon, Pantalaimon, stubbornly pulls away from Lyra, he threatens to sever their intense bond to teach her a lesson. Lyra is overcome with emotion and struggles with a pain that was “part physical pain deep in the chest, part intense sadness and love” (Pullman 125). When Pantalaimon stops, the two hold each other and sob hysterically, showing their intense connection and love for one another. Lyra is nurturing and almost maternal in the way she shows an intense motherly love for the children who suffer at the hands of the Gobblers. This side of her personality softens her fierce, savage ways but shows that she is capable of adapting to different gender stereotypes. Lyra’s true nature can be seen in Pullman’s description of Lyra as a “barbarian”, “a coarse and greedy little savage,” and a “half-wild cat” (Pullman 31-32). Lyra appears as a street urchin, “clambering over the College roofs”, spitting fruit stones at passers- by, racing and stealing (31). Whilst Lyra lives in a prestigious college, surrounded by eloquence and pomp, she refuses to act in a suitable manner. This could be seen due to the fact that the college forbids women from entering the grounds. The college is a purely patriarchal society and thus, Lyra sheds her female image in order to be treated as an equal, projecting the idea that one may perform their gender to be accepted. Gender is a key issue in Pullman as it restricts characters from their full potential, however, both Lyra and Marisa battle against gender restrictions, and appear almost as though they are gender fluid. 33 Lyra entirely disregards traditional stereotypes, reluctant to accept that she is a girl. Lyra could be labelled as a ‘tomboy’, which is defined in the Completely Queer: The Gay and Lesbian Encyclopedia as “A young girl who assumes the dress, activities and manner of a boy. […] Tomboys commonly have athletic ability and favour rough, outdoor play with boys who … possess a freedom and independence difficult to find with girl peers” (Hogan and Hudson 542). Lyra can be socially labelled as a tomboy, where it is acceptable for her to inhabit the masculine world. Tomboys have notably been found to “be stressed by paradoxical gender expectations, involving nicknames, criticisms, gender-conformism about boy types and movements, teasing, and ostracism” (Hall 562). The reader sees Lyra become stressed with the notion of conforming when she is dressed for her uncle’s visits to the college. The staff attempt to make Lyra presentable, struggling to bathe and dress her as a “beribboned and pink-frilled vision” (Pullman 32). Lyra loathes this, detesting the idea of being subordinate and ruled by men. She becomes more reckless and stubborn with every attempt at making her behave. The only moment that Lyra thinks she could break from her tomboy lifestyle is when she moves in with Mrs. Coulter, a vision of femininity. For a while, she conforms to being the good girl but she soon finds the lifestyle is too “confined and cramped” for her; highlighting her wild-child-like tendencies (61). In his portrayal of Lyra as stubborn tomboy, Pullman addresses the idea of nonconformity and gender fluidity. It is not necessary for young readers to be restricted by their sex. Pullman reaches out and presents positive ideas of gender as a free, fluid dimension. 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