Microsoft Word Hollie Adams ma thesis
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HollieAdams 11149809 MAThesis
Conclusion In this dissertation, I have aimed to answer whether authors from two different cultural backgrounds have abandoned traditional, patriarchal, and sexist ideas in their children’s fantasy literature in favour of gender neutral, progressive portrayals of characters, an if so, to what extent. The dissertation herein is an example of comparative literary studies, an approach perhaps underutilised in children’s literature research, and used different classic texts from the 1950’s, 60’s, 90’s, and 00’s to explore gender in such texts. Texts were first chosen from eras where feminism and equality between sexes were not such prominent ideas whilst later texts were chosen based on the fact that they are post- feminist. The texts were also chosen on the basis of their classic status in the fantasy realm. As stated in the introduction, children’s fantasy literature has been noted to favour the male characters above the female, and whilst the genre gives authors the possibility to subvert traditional social expectations, this subversion often does not happen. Instead “fantasy re-inscribes the dominant western paradigm of power and control, perpetuating the powerful, interrelated dualisms of western culture – action and maleness” (O’Hanlon 150). It is with this idea that I chose texts from my own childhood and studies to seek gender equality in children’s fantasy of two cultures. According to Jabeen and Mehmood, “children’s literature is an important source for […] character building”, and thus has an influence on children and their construction of identity (242). As a child, growing up in Britain, I admired Lucy in LWW and Lyra in NL. These characters were not restricted by their gender and as a tomboy, I admired the way they broke boundaries and constructed their own identity. From the front covers 58 of LWW and NL, I have always known them to be unisex texts, however, when choosing the primary German sources, I first believed JK by Ende was for boys, and T by Funke was for girls. Front covers can attract certain genders. The engine driver and locomotive on the front of JK did not appeal to me whilst the elegant, artistic cover of T compelled me as a female reader. After reading the texts, the contents are suitable for a unisex audience, however, adults and children may be deterred by thoughts that the book is not for the sex of their child/themselves. In my analysis, I have found it interesting that in studies of British children’s literature, scholarly articles about gender are in abundance whilst scholars of German children’s literature focus on other issues, such as race, war, and nation. In the 1950’s and 60’s, scholars of German children’s literature were preoccupied with the lack of discussion associated with the war, however, their discussion eventually shifted with publications of the Jewish experience of the war (Kümmerling-Meibauer 66-68). Due to this preoccupation with other issues, there are few comparative studies on gender in German children’s literature. In literary history, British authors have shown themselves to have a fascination with social and cultural feminist issues and these issues have often been portrayed. For example, school stories for girls and the writings of Enid Blyton have all dealt with important gender issues associated with femininity and breaking gender binaries. More texts began to deal with important social issues related to gender with the rising popularity of social realism in the 1970’s and 80’s. In Germany, most authors were preoccupied with other social and cultural issues, especially in the post-war period, however, some, like Erich Kästner wrote about traditionally taboo topics, which may have sparked a discussion of gender in German children’s fiction (67). 59 It is clear from the above comparative analysis of these cultures and texts that time has certainly affected the way in which authors of both countries portray gender and other issues. Although gender stereotypes have been more prominent in British literature, the German authors still have evidence of stereotypes in their own literature. In the texts from the 1950’s and 1960’s, there is less of an attempt to subvert gender stereotypes and instead, stereotypes that stemmed from the period of the war appear more frequently. For example, the male ‘war’ hero, the domestic woman, and the economic and baby boom. These stereotypes report that literature is a product of time. It could be speculated that this type of literature has not been written in order to argue about key issues but rather the literature is escapist with some representations of the immediate after thoughts of the war. However, these immediate after thoughts of the war appear in German authors as less prejudice than the British. The German authors seem more accepting of both genders and all characters, which is possibly to contrast sharply against the lack of acceptance in the Nazi era. Meanwhile, in the texts from the 1990’s and 2000’s, the authors (Pullman and Funke) are very much aware of the faults of the previous generations. Pullman writes to critique Lewis, who influenced many authors of fantasy literature whilst Funke writes to critique the fantasy of the Nazi period and to reclaim it from its sullied history. Due to their awareness of these faults, both authors represent characters equally with both genders taking on the role of hero and supporting one another. In Funke’s text, the struggle of gender is not as prominent as in Pullman’s as he actively describes the gender of each character and the characteristics that appear with them. This could be seen as Pullman’s way of abolishing or arguing against authority and power dichotomies in Britain. 60 In these primary texts, it is clear that classic tropes of gender in children’s fantasy literature feature in both past and present German and British children’s literature. For example, domestic female characters with no autonomy, and dominant male rulers in a patriarchal society. However, new tropes have appeared too. Contemporary texts use heroines and heroes who work together, displaying how heroics are not reserved for one gender in particular. Men and women are placed in equal positions where they each need support, whilst women in earlier texts were incapable of supporting themselves. In contemporary British texts, characters rebel against their gender, proving themselves as strong characters without the need to rely on one’s gender. In contemporary German texts, characters work equally alongside each other, villains are ridiculed for emphasising their genders, and roles may be reversed over and over again. The two cultures have moved away from an entirely stereotypical portrayal of gender, however, it is the German texts that appear to have questioned gender roles since the 1950’s. Of course, this may be seen as authors questioning the power dichotomies that appeared stronger than ever in the Nazi war era. The texts from the 1960’s already presented changing stereotypical figures (the witch), genders that can work together, and the ridicule of characters who emphasise their gender (villains). This has continued through the character of Meggie in T, who as a fully autonomous 12-year old protagonist has shown that anybody can be a hero(ine). As suggested by O’Hanlon, it is almost impossible to write fantasy without the power dichotomies of gender playing a role (149). The cultures in their treatment of gender have both supported and discouraged gender stereotypes in their children’s literature with German texts choosing to discourage rather than support them. British texts, depending on the time period, have varied on the subject matter but have displayed gender fluidity (in Lyra) and progression in their texts. 61 In this dissertation, I do not claim to have found whether a progression of gender representation in two different nations and time periods has occurred. I have found that gender issues are more prominent in British children’s literature than German, and that German characters are more likely to appear as gender neutral, unbound by constraining gender roles. I have also found that the different time periods of the different cultures have had a major impact on the way in which gender is represented in the texts. For example, in the 1950’s and 60’s, the war affected the gendering of the hero, and the role in which women played in texts. Further in time, the relationship between man and woman and gender dichotomies transform as a more liberal society provides an open space for two twelve-year old girls to become heroines and men to become sidekicks or non-sexual partners. These aspects can be seen in both cultures, which is interesting as Germany and Britain have different time frames concerning children’s literature. There is much room for further study. Further study may and should include a larger corpus of primary texts, and time periods. A progression of gender representation throughout the years can only be found if one looks at the individual decades that lead to our contemporary age and aspects such as reception, language, and the importance of gender-neutral texts. Word Count: 18105 |
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