Microsoft Word Hollie Adams ma thesis
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HollieAdams 11149809 MAThesis
Literature Review In Comparative Children’s Literature, Emer O’Sullivan, a leading expert in the field, provides unique examples of comparative children’s literature from her own research, which are both interesting and insightful. The book educates on why the genre 6 should be studied comparatively, and it teaches how to compare effectively. O’Sullivan proposes a structure for comparative studies, stating that it should concern itself with theoretical issues across languages and cultures. O’Sullivan further categorises areas of comparative study, such as theory, intertextuality, image, etc., which allowed me to situate myself in a certain area of comparative literature, without complications or confusion. In order to contextualise the children’s literature in Germany and Britain, I used Kinder- und Jugendliteratur: Eine Einführung by Bettina Kümmerling-Meibauer, The Oxford Encyclopedia of Children’s Literature by Jack Zipes, and Children’s Literature in Context by Fiona McCulloch. All three texts focus on the context of children’s literature in Britain and Germany and educated me on the phases and key issues that appear throughout the genre in both cultures. These texts also discussed the importance of the primary sources I have chosen and helped me place them in the history of children’s literature. This information was further used to contextualise my comparative analysis. To discuss the fantasy genre in relation to gender, I used O’Hanlon’s article on heroism in fantasy, which discusses how the world of fantasy is gendered. As all of the primary texts are from the fantasy children’s genre, I was able to see, using O’Hanlon’s article, the true patterns of heroics and masculinity in the texts. Relating directly to gender and sexuality in everyday life is Ethna Viney’s text Dancing to Different Tunes. Viney offers definitions of important terms in gender studies. The book focuses on what influences the way in which we see gender, and the results of this. It includes generalised stereotypes that one may think of in relation to male or female. For example, that boys like to fight and be rough, whilst girls prefer quiet, relaxed activities. I based my analysis of the characters on the social expectations and stereotypes that Viney discusses in her book. 7 Connell and Messerschmidt’s article, “Hegemonic Masculinity: Rethinking the Concept”, is vital in defining expectations regarding men. The authors suggest that there is a hierarchy of masculinity, categorising men by actions and lifestyle. This study is vital in order to analyse male characters in literary texts to explore whether they adhere to traditional stereotypes or not. The concept has supported my analysis of antagonists in the chosen texts, in order to distinguish the type of masculinity that these characters portray, and what this establishes about the authors choices. Further, I used Hogan and Hudson’s Gay and Lesbian Encyclopedia to understand the concept of the tomboy; a girl who dresses and acts as a boy. Hogan and Hudson discuss why a girl may do this and what it may state about her identity. This was used to build my argument about Lyra being labelled as a tomboy. The character fit the categorisation of the tomboy and thus, helped prove that she breaks down gender binaries. As there is much already written about gender gender in Narnia, I wished to position myself against an argument already well established. Monika Hilder’s The Feminine Ethos in C.S. Lewis’ Chronicles of Narnia argues that the claims of Lewis as a misogynist are false and that he portrays characters with Christian attributes positively. These attributes can be stereotypically seen as female. Thus, Hilder attempts to fight against the idea that Lewis is a misogynist. However, I argue the opposite. His depictions of women and men are stereotypical and degrading, especially in relation to women. Other people would agree with this argument, such as Jean Graham in “Women, Sex, and Power: Circe and Lilith in Narnia.” This text focuses on the negative portrayals of the feminine in Narnia and highlights that Lewis favours male characters. Therefore, it has been used to support my stance in the argument based on Lewis’ sexist views. 8 In my analysis of the primary texts, I found that different issues appeared, such as heroes, machines, and witches. To support my argument of the stereotypes attached to these figures, I used important articles relating to the issues. In Hourihan’s book, Deconstructing the Hero she finds that the woman usually is placed in a subordinate role in literature whilst the man becomes the hero, an active participant in the plot. This was relevant for my study and supported my own analysis as I found that it was rare to see a woman in a heroic role. In the article, “The Vamp and the Machine: Technology and Sexuality in Fritz Lang’s Metropolis”, Andreas Huyssen analyses the idea of woman as machine. In Ende’s text, he uses woman as machine and so, Huyssen’s text helped gain useful insight into the symbolism of Ende’s choice. The texts provided ideas such as the woman as a birthing machine, and woman being made and used by men. Finally, in the 1950’s/60’s texts, witches are a continuous presence and thus, in Fantasies of Gender and the Witch in Feminist Theory and Literature by Justyna Sempruch, the witch is discussed in relation to feminist theory, and how the witch has been represented in literature. Webb in Fantasy and the Real World in British Children’s Literature: The Power of the Story writes similarly yet does not use a feminist framework. I used this source to position my argument of the representation of the witch within a scholarly narrative to discuss whether authors are progressive or not in regards to the image of the witch. In summation, children’s literature is a varied genre with many areas to discuss and research. There are still issues within the genre that have not been widely studies and thus, there are gaps left for scholars to continue their research |
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