Microsoft Word Revised Syllabus Ver doc

Text Types and Overall Translation Strategies 
The choice of translation procedures at the level of the shorter units of language, of 
the parts, will have predictable correlations with the wholes, with the overall strategies or 
types of translation and the variety of source texts being translated. The distinction between 
literal and free translation has a long history. Some writers on translation have regarded the 
former as exhibiting a higher degree of TE. But others have awarded that evaluation to the 
latter. We can indeed describe the differences between these two clearly divergent strategies 
of translation in terms of their relation to the source and target worlds. Literal, word-for-
word, and interlinear translation is associated with greater deference to the world of the ST 
and maximum formal or linguistic correspondence with the SL. Dynamic or free translation 
focuses on adapting to the world of the TT and the TL idioms. But there is no necessary 

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association between the degree of TE and the type of translation adopted, be it literal or 
dynamic. 
Another distinction that has been made in the field of translation types, is that existing 
between covert and overt translations, between a TT which is not regarded as a translation 
and that which is either known to be one or is explicitly treated as one (House 1977). This 
distinction becomes significant in the light of the phenomenon of pseudo translation (Toury 
1984). These have been undertaken when the source culture was prestigious and an avowed 
or overt translation sold better than an original. 
The most useful is to formulate a descriptive framework which takes account of all 
the factors that can be identified as entering into the total translation situation and relate them 
tentatively to such broadly distinctive categories as informational or referential, literary and 
poetic, and literal interlinear. Bothe the nature of the ST and linguistic differences between 
the SL and TL will condition the type of overall strategy of translation and the way all the 
elements in the total translation situation are fused. Conversely, the type of translation to 
which the actual TT identifiably belongs will constitute an indication of the way the translator 
has viewed the ST, on the one hand, and the needs of the readers, on the other, and how these 
two factors have been harmonized. 
Translation equivalence (TE) is an intuitive commonsense term for describing the 
ideal relationship that a reader would expect to exist between an original and its translation, 
hence respectively termed source text and target text. Traditionally translation has been 
viewed as an empirical aspect. But such a view will not bring an operative definition of 
translation equivalence nearer. The meaning of a linguistic expression is given by functional 
equivalence.