Microsoft Word Revised Syllabus Ver doc

The language of specialized information:
In many areas where there are both In–group and Out–group language, there is also 
the need for a language of specialized information. This is often the language of higher 
education or of specialized formal training. For example, in the Philippines, speakers of such 
languages as Cebuano, Samareno etc. must learn Pilipino is they are to enjoy movies, watch 
television, read certain newspapers, and carry on trade in areas outside of their immediate 
tribal areas. But these persons must also learn English if they want to go on to secondary 
school or the university and if they wish to take positions of leadership in polities, business or 
social life. 
A widely recognized problem with the term ‘language’ is the great range of its 
application. Some focus on the general concept of ‘language’, whereas some on the more 
specific notion of ‘a language’ while some draw attention to the formal features of phonology 
(or graphology), grammar, and semantics.
A more useful approach to language, and one used by most modern linguists, is to 
identify the various properties that are thought to be its essential defining characteristics. The 
aim is to determine what ‘counts as a human language, as opposed to some other system of 
communication. Two main kinds of enquiry have been used. One focuses upon identifying 
the universal structural properties of language. The other is to contrast language with non-
human forms of communication and with other forms of human communication. 

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12 
Design Features of Communication
The most widely acknowledged comparative approach has been that proposed by the 
American linguist Charles Hockett, who used a zoological mode of enquiry to identify the 
main points of connection between language and other systems of communication, especially 
those found in animals. His set of 13 design features of communication using spoken 
language were as follows 
1.