Microsoft Word Revised Syllabus Ver doc

Conceptual Translation
In the olden days most of the people believed that all languages behaved the same 
way and had similar if not identical feature, structures and lexical items. Many felt that word 
equivalents were available across languages and what they were required to do was just to 
replace the SL word by the TL word. However there were a few selected scholars who did 
not contribute to this view. Their concept of language structure and function differ radically 
from the word for word translation group. The noteworthy Roman scholar Cicero assisted by 
his compatriot Horace led this small band of scholars during the Roman Period.
Cicero made a clear distinction between sense for sense translation and word for word 
translation. The receptor language could be enriched if the aesthetic value of the language is 
held high. Both Cicero and Horace considered that undue dependence on word for word 
model of translation would subordinate TL to SL bringing in a type of slavish mentality. It 
would also bring in inaccuracy in meaning thereby leading to confusion, misunderstanding 
and difficulties. They rejected this model outright and strongly advocated a judicious 
interpretation of the SL text so as to produce a balanced TL version based on the sense for 
sense approach. The translator, after all, owed a greater moral responsibility to the reader 
than the responsibility he owed to the form of the text. He had to see whether his version was 
bringing in the required and desired reaction in the reader of the TL text. It was necessary that 
such positive response came from the monolingual TL reader. Cicero was against full scale 
borrowing of words from SL; Cicero opined that rendering word for word would result in an 
uncultured and crude pattern and he was prepared to even alter by necessity anything in the 
order of wording in order to make the elegant and the message clear
The literary system in Rome was set up by a hierarchy of texts and authors above the 
limits of linguistic boundaries. The fact that the Romans gave importance lo Greek literature 
was not based on their inability to create anything of their own but they considered their work 
a continuation of their Greek models. The Romans viewed translation as an integral part of 
literary activity, capable of enriching the literal system. This factor prompted them to go for 
profuse borrowing from Greek. But, according to some, large scale borrowing from Greek 
would necessarily lead to the disappearance of Latin words from use. It would lead to those 
native words going permanently out of use and in to oblivion. They championed moderation 
and cautioned young scholars to desist from borrowing. The language could be enriched 
through translation if the aesthetic value of the TL version is held in regard above things.