Microsoft Word Revised Syllabus Ver doc

Levels of Translation 
Each word in the source language is translated by a word in the target language and 
this is known as ‘word to word translation’. The result often makes no sense, especially when 
idiomatic constructions are used. Literal translation is another variety. The linguistic structure 
of the source text is followed, but is normalized according to the rules of the target language. 
The third one is free – translation. The linguistic structure of the source language is ignored, 
and an equivalent is found based on the meaning it conveys. 
Translators
 
Translators aim to produce a text that is as faithful to the original as circumstances 
require or permit and yet that reads as if it were written originally in the target language. 
They also aim in translating content without drawing attention to the considerable artistic and 
technical skills involved in the process. Since the 19
th
century the important role of the 
professional translator has come to be increasingly recognized. The field now has its own 
training courses, examinations, career structure, and professional organizations such as the 
American Translator’s Association, the Translator’s guide of the British Institutes of 
Linguistics and the Federation International des Traducteures. 
Translation Studies is an empirical discipline which concerns itself with the problems 
raised by the production and description of translation. What is generally understood as 
translation involves the rendering of a source language (SL) text into the target language (TL) 
so as to ensure that (1) the surface meaning of the two will be approximately similar and (2) 
the structures of the SL will be preserved as closely as possible but not so closely that the TL 
structures will be seriously distorted. The stress throughout is on understanding the syntax of 
the language being studied and on using translation as a means of demonstrating that 
understanding.