P: The outcome is stated in the positive, as moving toward something the
student wishes to have, rather than as moving away from something the student does
not wish to have. This is based on the premise that thinking about what one does not
wish to have will automatically bring the unwanted state to mind, rather than the
‘wished for’ state. So, for example, rather than saying the negative form ‘I don’t want
to be stressed and confused at the beginning of the exam’, the positive form might be
‘I want to be calm and clear-headed at the beginning of the exam’, so evoking the
state the student seeks to achieve not the one they wish to leave behind.
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