Ministry of health protection of the republic of uzbekistan

LESSON 14
Exercise 1. Learn the following words and word combinations:
digest [dɪˈdʒest] v переваривать(ся), hazm qilmoq
digestion [dɪˈdʒestʃən] n пищеварение, hazm qilish
digestive [dɪˈdʒestɪv] а пищеварительный, hazmga oid
secrete [sɪˈkriːt] v секретировать, выделять, ajratmoq
secretion [sɪˈkriːʃn̩] n секреция, ajralma
longitudinal [ˌlɒnɡɪˈtjuːdɪnl̩] a npoдольный, bo’yiga
lack [læk] v нехватать, отсутствовать, yetishmaslik
feature [ˈfiːtʃə] n черта, xususiyat
juice [dʒuːs] n сок, sharbat, shirasi
mucous [ˈmjuːkəs] а слизистый, shilliq
line [laɪn] v выстилать, qoplamoq;
lining [ˈlaɪnɪŋ ] n внутренняя оболочка, ichki qavat
saliva [səˈlaɪvə] n слюна, salivary [ˈsælɪvəri] а слюнный, so’lak, so’lakka oid
be situated [bi ˈsɪtʃʊeɪtɪd] v быть расположенным, joylashgan bo’lmoq
communicate [kəˈmjuːnɪkeɪt] v сообщаться, bog’lanmoq


Exercise 2. Form the adjectives using suffixes -al, -ive, -ous and translate them; abdomen, intestine, mucus, to digest, defence, fibre, chemistry, me­chanic, serum


Exercise 3. Look through text B in 10 minutes.1) Find and translate sentences where а) the word it; b) pronouns some, any; c) words through, result are used. 2) Find sentences with Subordinate Clauses and translate them.


TEXT В. THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

The digestive system consists of the digestive tract and digestive glands. The digestive tract is some 8-10 m long and is divided into the follow­ing parts: oral cavity, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine. The structures of the different parts of the tract have some special features.

The wall of the greater part of the digestive tract consists of three coats: internal — mucous, middle — muscular, and the external — serous. The mucous coat is lined with the epithelium outside which is a connective tissue with a thin layer of smooth muscle fibres. The mucous coat is pink in colour because it has many blood vessels. The numerous small glands in this coat secrete a viscous coat of the digestive tract. It facilitates the movement of food and protects the mucous coat from the damage by solid particles of food and various chemical substances. One must re­member that the mucous coat of the digestive tract begins with the esoph­agus, contains lymph nodules which also have a protective function.
The greater part of the muscular coat of the digestive tract consists of two layers: an internal layer with circular muscle fibres and an external layer with longitudinal muscle fibres. The wall of the pharynx and the superior part of the esophagus, and the tongue and the soft palate all contain striated muscle tissue. It is the muscular coat of the other parts of the digestive tract that consists of smooth muscle tissue. Contractions of the muscular coat move food along the digestive tract.
The serous coat that covers the digestive organs in the abdominal cavity is called the peritoneum. The peritoneum has two layers, visceral and parietal. In the esophagus the serous layer is lacking and the outer coat is fibrous in nature.
The digestive glands secrete digestive juices that contain enzymes and some other substances which take part in the chemical processes of digestion.
In addition to the small glands in the mucous coat of the digestive tract, there are also large glands: the salivary glands, the liver and the pancreas. Though these glands are situated outside the digestive tract, they communicate with it through ducts.
Any part of the digestive tract and the digestive glands are equipped with nerve fibres and their endings. The nerves of the digestive glands regulate the secretion of digestive juices. It is known that the nervous system not only regulates the activity of each organ, but also coordi­nates their activities.


Exercise 4. Find sentences with the emphatic construction it is ... that and translate them.
1. It is known that the abdomen is the largest cavity of the body. 2. It is the liver that weighs about 1,5 kg. 3. It is essential to explain the anatomy of the digestive system. 4. It is the nervous system that regulates the activity of each organ. 5. It is the slippery mucus that protects the esophagus.


Exercise 5. Find and translate the Subordinate Clause of object, attribute and adverbial modifier.
1. The upper portion of the stomach which is called the fundus is at the top. 2. The stomach when it is full becomes pear-shaped. 3. The gastric juice is unusual for a body fluid as it is strongly acid. 4. The enzymes that the digestive juices contain take an active part in the process of digestion. 5. Nutrients are substances that help your body to grow and develop.


LESSON 15 JAUNDICE. PEPTIC ULCER.
Revision: Modal verbs and their equivalents


Exercise 1. Learn the following words and word combinations:
jaundice ['d ondis] n желтуха, sariq kasallik
obvious [obvi s] а очевидный, yaqqol
bile [bail] n желчь biliary [bili ri] а желчный, o’t, o’tga oid
serum ['si:r m] n сыворотка, zardob
investigate [in'vestigeit] v исследовать, o’rganmoq
investigation [in,vesti'gei n] n иссле­дование, o’rganish
complication [komplikei n] n ослож­нение, asorat
complicated а сложный, murakkab
uncomplicated а неосложненный, murakkab emas
owing ['oui ] prep благодаря, tufayli


Exercise 2. Write the following sentences: а) in Past; b) in Future. Translate them. 1. You must follow all the new important medical researches in your field. 2. By means of spirometry the dynamic lung volumes may be assessed without difficulty. 3. He must investigate a series of case reports before the lecture. 4. You may take your analyses in the laboratory. 5. Chronic inha­lation of cadmium fumes can cause chronic progressive emphysema.


Exercise 3. Translate the following sentences with modal verbs: can, could, may, might, must, shall.
1. We could not detect any antibiotic activity in the sputum of our patients. 2. The pre-treatment strains of two patients may be assumed to be sensitive to streptomicin. 3. Thinking about asthma or hearing a description of an attack can even provoke asthma. 4. Every physician must know the pathology of chronic bronchitis and emphysema. 5. Heavy physical activity shall not be resumed within the first three months after an attack of myocardial infarction. 6. Professor explained that dogs inhaling cigarette smoke over long periods might develop lung damage.


Exercise 4. Read and translate the following word combinations:
bile duct, bile colic (calculus), complicated system (problem, mech­anism, apparatus), complicated disease


Exercise 5. Look through text A and say what types of jaundice are described in it.