Ministry of health protection of the republic of uzbekistan

Text A. Types of Muscles
1. The word “muscle”, according to one theory, comes from a Latin word that means “little mouse”: that is when a man's muscles are con­tracting they look as if a little mouse runs about under his skin. Accord­ing to another theory the word “muscle” comes from a Greek expres­sion that means “to enclose”, that is layers of muscles enclose the body. We know that the muscles constitute approximately 50 per cent of the total body weight, slightly more in the average male than the female. Tendons, fasciae and the various organs themselves depend on the mus­cular system and the function of muscle cells.
2. There are three main types of muscular tissue that we identify and classify on the basis of structure and functions: 1) smooth or visceral muscle, 2) striated or skeletal muscle, 3) cardiac muscle.
3. Smooth muscles can contract slowly. They make up the walls of the internal organs such as those of the blood vessels, and the digestive tract. Since we identify the internal organs as viscera, we sometimes call smooth muscles visceral muscles.

Fig. 2. Types of muscles.

The visceral muscles react relatively slowly to changes within the body and do so without the intervention of the will. The walls of the blood vessels are contracting or expanding when they respond to certain chemicals in the blood or in response to the effect of temperature but we cannot deliberately cause them to lift our arm or open our mouth. For this reason, we may call them involuntary muscles. Smooth muscle tissue consists of long cells. Smooth muscle fibres are bound into bundles by connective tissue which contains blood vessels and nerves.

4. Striated muscle tissue consists of large fibres in the form of bundles. Striated muscles are most necessary for manipulation of the bones of the skeleton. Those are the muscles necessary for walking, running, turning the head and so on. That's why we sometimes call them skeletal muscles. This type of muscle tissue includes the large muscle masses of the body, the muscles of the arms, legs, back etc. It includes all those muscles which must react quickly to changes in the environment, i.e. those that become active through an effort of will. For this reason, we call striated muscles voluntary muscles.
5. Cardiac (heart) muscle is, in a sense, a cross between the previous two. A characteristic feature of cardiac muscle is that fibres have neither a beginning nor an end. In other words, the heart is simply a huge net of muscles in which all elements are continuous with each other. Cardiac muscles (“heart” — Greek) have the strength and force of contraction of the skeletal muscle. Cardiac muscle is under complete involuntary control. In that, it resembles visceral muscle.
Notes
1. etc. (Lat. et cetera) [it'setre] = and so on и так далее (va xokazo)
2. i.e. (Lat. i. e.) =that is, namely то есть (ya’ni)


Exercise 9. Match the words of Latin origin with their English equivalents.

Viscera	heart
Cardiac	lower jaw
mandible	internal organs
esophagus	gullet

Exercise 10. Group the antonyms in pairs:
voluntary, beginning, separated, to include, the former, to exclude, the latter, connected, end, involuntary


Exercise 11. Give synonyms to the following words and word combinations: injury, backbone, brain case, to be placed, to include


Exercise 12. Read the sentences. Put the verbs given in brackets in proper tense in Continuous. Translate the sentences.
1. The students (to work) in the physical laboratory from 9 to half past 10 yesterday. 2. When he came they (to classify) the bones of the upper extremities. 3. The walls of the blood vessels (to expand) when they respond to certain chemicals in the blood. 4. We (to discuss) the characteristic features of cardiac muscles now.


Exercise 13. Change the verbs in Indefinite into the verbs in Con­tinuous. Add adverbial modifier of the time where necessary: now, at 11 o'clock, when you came, from... to, all the day. Translate the sentences.
1. First-year students work in the anatomy museum. 2. He will make a report on the muscular system. 3. She prepared the text “Voluntaryand Involuntary Muscles” at home. 4. We translated 5 sentences from this text. 5. Last Monday we had a practical lesson on the structure and functions of smooth muscles.


Exercise 14. Answer the questions according to the example:
Example: Why can't you go home? (to attend the lecture)
I cannot go home, because I must attend the lecture. 1. Why can't you consult a doctor? (to go to the Institute) 2. Why can't you give me your book? (to return it to the library) 3. Why can't she finish her test? (to prepare for the examination)


Exercise 15. Translate the following sentences with the modal verbs can, may. 1. The joints between bones can move more or less easily. 2. In the ear we can only see the external ear and the external passage. 3. We may call the numerus, armbone, but there is no special name for radius. 4. We may use this drug three times a day.


Exercise 16. Learn the following words and word combinations:

produce [pr 'dju:s] v производить,
образовывать, давать, keltirib chiqarmoq, xosil qilmoq
consist [k n'sist] v (of) состоять (из), iborat bo’lmoq
tongue [t n] n язык, til
uterus ['ju:t r s] n матка, bachadon
elongate ['elongeit] v удлинять(ся), uzaytirmoq
vary [ve ri] v изменять(ся), варьи­ровать, o’zgarmoq
larynx ['lerinks] n гортань, глотка, xalqum
adult [' d lt] n взрослый, совершен­нолетний, voyaga yetgan
supply [s 'plai] v снабжать, обеспе­чивать; n снабжение, обеспечение, ta’minlamoq, ta’minlash
complex ['kompl ks] а сложный, murakkab
by means [mi:nz] of посредством, при помощи, yordamida, orqali
attach [ ] v (to) прикреплять (к), biriktirmoq
esophagus [ ] n пищевод, qizil o’ngach
intestines [in'testinz] n pl. кишечник, кишки, ichak
various [v ri s] а различный, turlicha
nucleus ['nju:kli ] n ядро
both ... and [bou6 ... nd] cj как ... так и ..., и ... и ... ham …ham…
disturb [dis't :b] v нарушать, buzmoq
disturbance [dis't b ns] n нарушение, buzilish
source [so:s] n источник, manba
subject [s b'd3ekt] v подчинять, под­вергать воздействию, ta’sir etmoq
subject [s bd3ikt] n предмет, тема, fan, mavzu
reach [ri:t ] достигать, yetishmoq, erishmoq

Exercise 17. Read the words in singular and plural:
singular plural
nucleus ['nju:kli s] — nuclei [ai]
nucleolus ['nju:kli l s] — nucleoli [ai]
trabecula [tr 'bekjul ] — trabeculae [i:]
fascia ['fei I ] — fasciae [i:] vertebra ['v :t br ] — vertebrae [i:]


Exercise 18. Translate the following sentences with the word combination as well (as).
1. Smooth muscles form the coat of some internal organs as well as a part of the capsule of the spleen. 2. Smooth muscles form the coat of some internal organs and a part of the capsule of the spleen as well. 3. You are to know physiology as well.


Exercise 19. Look through text В (in 10 minutes). 1) Say what the structure of striated and smooth muscular tissues is. 2) Find the sentences where: а) prediacates in Continuous; b) words that (those) are used. 3) Translate the sentences.